$4\mathrm{.}1$ Establishment Clause Beginning in $1864,$ coins and currency of the United States have been imprinted with the national motto $$In God We Trust.$$ Individuals who are atheists and several atheist organizations, who definitely do not trust in God, sued the United States and officials of the U$.$S$.$ Mint, Treasury, and Bureau of Engraving and Printing $($collectively$,$the Government$),$ alleging that the motto is purely religious, is an explicit endorsement of Christianity and monotheism, and therefore violates the Establishment Clause of the U$.$S$.$ Constitution. Plaintiffs sought a permanent injunction barring the Government from minting coins or printing currency with the phrase $$In God We Trust.$$ The Government filed a motion to dismiss the plaintiffs$$ case, asserting that printing the motto $$In God We Trust$$ on coins and currency does not violate the Establishment Clause because it derives from and serves historical purposes. Does inscribing the motto $$In God We Trust$$ on U$.$S$.$ coins and currency violate the Establishment Clause?