45. (a) Distinguish the following pairs of terms:- (i) Project planning and Project scheduling (ii) Project management and Risk management (b) Describe two software tools used in project planning. (c) Identify 2 advantages of PERT diagram over Gantt chart for scheduling systems projects. (d) Define the term critical path. It is the longest path in terms of time in a PERT diagram from start to end of events in project (system) development. Path through which slack time = 0. (e) When is a PERT diagram useful for system project? (f) Describe two charts used in project planning. 46. (a) Explain two reasons of continually updating project schedules. (b) Identify three project risks which may derail smooth project progress. (c) Explain the impact of such risks which may hinder successful project completion. (2 mks) (2 mks) (4 mks) (2 mks) (2 mks) (4 mks) (4 mks) (4 mks) (6 mks) (4 mks) (d) Explain three steps the project manager can take to minimise the effects of project risks. (6 mks) 47. (a) Identify three levels of the organisation hierarchy. (3 mks) (b) State the three types of information systems that serve each level in (a) above. (3 mks) (c) Explain two major challenges that face the building and usage of information systems in organisations. (4 mks) (c) Explain the contribution of information systems in decision making or problem solving process. (d) Describe three features of info needed for strategic planning in an organisation. (4 mks) (6 mks)