7. Of the many mountain climbs in the Tour de France bicycle race, there are none more

infamous than L'Alpe d'Huez.With an average grade (ratio of elevation gain to horizontal

distance) of 9.9%, it is the steepest of all mountain climbs in the Tour. A rider is interested in

comparing a new energy chew to the standard chew he normally uses. The cadence of a rider

(how fast he is pushing the pedals) as he climbs a mountain is an indicator of the rider's

energy level and is also affected by the distance a rider has already ridden, steepness of the

climb, and air temperature. On one day of the race, the rider had to ascend L'Alpe d'Huez.

A substantial amount of time later, the rider also had to climb Le Mont Ventoux, another

infamous mountain climb. It was randomly determined that he would use the new protein

chew on the first climb. As he rode up the 14 km climb his cadence was measured at 40

randomly selected times. When the rider started the second climb, he used the chew he

normally used. Measurements of the rider's cadence were recorded at 40 randomly selected

points during this climb.

a )What was the response variable in this study?

Identify the treatments.

What were the experimental units?

b) Given that the goal of the study is to determine whether the new chew produced more

energy compared to the standard chew, was randomization used properly in this study?

Justify your answer.

c) Given that the goal of the study is to determine whether the new chew produced more

energy compared to the standard chew, was replication used properly in this study?

Justify your answer.

d) Climb is a confounding variable in this experiment. Explain why.