A 20-year study of British male physicians^[1]noted that the proportion who died from lung cancer was 0.00140 per year for cigarette smokers and 0.00010 per year for nonsmokers. The proportion who died from heart disease was 0.00669 for smokers and 0.00413 for nonsmokers. Describe the association of smoking with lung cancer and with heart disease, using the difference of proportions and the odds ratio. Interpret. Which response (lung cancer or heart disease) is more strongly related to cigarette smoking, in terms of the reduction in deaths that could occur with an absence of smoking? Can you do this in SAS?

[1] By R. Doll and R. Peto, British Med. J.2: 1525-1536 (1976).