A company has to decide whether to invest money in the development of a microbiological product. The companys research director has estimated that there is a 60% chance that a successful development could be achieved in two years. However, if the product had not been successfully developed at the end of this period, the company would abandon the project, which would lead to a loss in present value terms of $3 million. Present value is designed to take the companys time preference for money into account. In the event of a successful development a decision would have to be made on the scale of production. The returns generated would depend on the level of sales which could be achieved over the period of the products life. For simplicity, these have been categorized as either high or low. If the company opted for large volume production and high sales were achieved, then net returns with a present value of $6 million would be obtained. However, large-scale production followed by low sales would lead to net returns with a present value of only $1 million. On the other hand, if the company decided to invest only in small-scale production facilities then high sales would generate net returns with a present value of $4 million and low sales would generate net returns with a present value of$2 million. The companys marketing manager estimates that there is a 75% chance that high sales could be achieved.

(b) Assuming that the companys objective is to maximize its expected returns, determine the policy that it should adopt.

(d) Before the nal decision is made the company is taken over by a new owner, who has the utilities shown below for the sums of money involved in the decision. (The owner has no interest in other attributes which may be associated with the decision such as developing a prestige product or maintaining employment.) What implications does this have for the policy that you identied in (b) and why?

Present vaule of net returns New owners utility

$-3m 0

$0m 0.6

$1m 0.75

$2m 0.85

$4m 0.95

$6m 1.0