A system has 232 bytes of physical memory and uses paging. Each page is 210 bytes and there are 216 bytes total in the virtual address space. a) How many bits are in a virtual address? b) How many bytes are in a frame? c) How many bits in the real address specify the start address of the frame?

2. A computer uses virtual memory, using a new solid state drive (SSD) as space for paging. Refer to slides 68 and 69 from the content for class for week 2 in section Virtual Memory (Paged) . on this weeks content). In the case presented there, the hard disk drive (HDD) required 25 ms to read in a page, and a rate of 1 pf per 1000 references introduced a 250 slow down. If the SSD offers a time of only 80 s, what is the slow down in performance caused by 1 pf per 1000 references? (you are not concerned with dirty vs. clean pages) What is the maximum rate of page faults you can accept if you want no more than a 5% slowdown in execution using virtual memory?

3. When a running process experiences a page fault, the frame to hold the missing page can only come from those frames allocated to that process, not from frames used by any other process. The memory system chooses which frame to use using a simple first-in first-out technique. That is, the first time it must choose a frame to use to hold a page being loaded to resolve a page fault, it chooses the first frame it loaded originally. The second page fault then uses the now oldest frame (the second one that had been loaded originally), and so on: the first frame (originally) loaded becomes the first frame out (i.e., to be reused).Each page fault causes only the one missing page to be loaded.

Now suppose a program is executing a straight, linear sequence of instructions that is 100 KB long. This process is allocated 20 frames when put into memory. How many page faults will there be to completely execute this sequence of instructions?

BONUS problem: Finally, suppose the 100 KB block of instructions is a loop that repeats infinitely. How many page faults are there on the second iteration of the loop?