a) The most common source of database failures in organizations is:

1. Lack of planning.

2. inadequate budget.

3. inadequate hardware.

b) failure to implement a strong database administration function.

1. The need to provide greater independence between programs and data.

2. The desire to manage increasingly complex data types and structures.

3. The desire to require programmers to write all file-handling functionality.

4. The need to provide ever more powerful platforms for decision support applications.

c) Determining the structure of data and the relationships between data elements either right before or at the time of use of the data is called:

1. tables on write.

2. schema on write.

3. On-demand paging.

4. caching.

d) A good data definition will describe all of the characteristics of a data object EXCEPT:

1. subtleties.

2. examples.

3. who determines the value of the data.

4. who can delete the data?