According to Spain Bradley, racism is a violation of human rights because it works to dehumanize individuals and communities by undermining their humanity through imagined categories designed to place peoples in a hierarchy. Racism also implies intended animus to interfere with one's exercise of a right. This takes the form of hate speech, physical violence, or other forms of direct discrimination. Racism is also exemplified though ideologies manifested in peoples' thoughts, behaviors, actions, and inactions. For Spain - Bradley, racism should thus be recognized in international human rights law for the same reason racial discrimination is. Focusing on instances of discrimination ignores the deeper harms experienced by the victim of racist hatred. Racism captures the experience of the victim, not just the wrongdoing of the perpetrator. Racism must thus be recognized as an international human rights violation because law must better clarify the protections it provides to marginalized populations.

Is Spain Bradley's account persuasive? Do you concur with her view that Human Rights that ensure protection against Racial Discrimination are limited in their reach and do not consider racism's more systemic manifestations? Why or why not?