According to two meta-analyses on adolescents' self-esteem (Kling et al., 1999; Major et al., 1999). These studies found that:

a.

Gender differences are very small throughout the lifespan.

b.

Gender differences are somewhat larger during late adolescence than during other periods.

c.

Gender differences are large during childhood and adolescence, but small in adulthood.

d.

Surprisingly, the average male scores slightly lower in self-esteem than the average female.