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\fAn electronic implant that stimulates the auditory nerve has been used to restore partial hearing to a number of deaf people. In a study of implant acceptability (Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1985). 250 adults born deaf and 250 adults who went deaf after learning to speak were followed for a period of time after receiving an implant. Of those deaf from birth, 75 had removed the implant, whereas only 25 of those who went deaf after learning to speak had done so. Does this suggest that the true proportion who remove the implants differs for those who were born deaf and those who went deaf after learning to speak? Test the relevant hypotheses using a .01 significance level.The accompanying data on degree of spirituality for a sample of natural scientists and a sample of social scientists working at research universities appeared in the paper "Conflict Between Religion and Science among Academic Scientists" (Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion [2000]: 276-282). Assume that it is reasonable to regard these two samples as representative of natural and social scientists at research universities. Is there evidence that the spirituality category proportions are not the same for natural and social scientists? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of .01. Degree of Spirituality Very Moderate Slightly Not OC All Natural Scientists 162 TOR 211 Sodal Sciences 223 213 259The authors of the paper "Movie Character Smoking and Adolescent Smoking: Who Matters More, Good Guys or Bad Guys?" (Pediatrics [2009]: 135-141) classified characters who were depicted smoking in movies released between 2000 and 2005. The smoking characters were classified according to sex and whether the character type was positive, negative or neutral. The resulting data is given in the accompanying table. Assume that it is reasonable to consider this sample of smoking movie characters as representative of smoking movie characters. Do the data provide evidence of an association between sex and character type for movie characters who smoke? Use 0= .05. Characer Type SEN Negathe Neutral Male 255 106 130 Female 12\fDoes including a gift with a request for a donation affect the proportion who will make a donation? This question was investigated in a study described in the report "Gift-Exchange in the Field" (Institute for the Study of Labor, 2007). In this study, letters were sent to a large number of potential donors in Germany. The letter requested a donation for funding schools in Bangladesh. Those who were to receive the letter were assigned at random to one of three groups. Those in the first group received the letter with no gift. Those in the second group received a letter that included a small gift (a postcard), and those in the third group received a letter with a larger gift (four postcards). The response of interest was whether or not a letter resulted in a donation. No Donation No Gift Small Gift 2772 Large Cilic 3. Carry out a hypothesis test to determine if there is convincing evidence that the proportions in the two donation categories are not the same for all three types of requests. Use a significance level of .01. b. Based on your analysis in Part (3) and a comparison of observed and expected cell counts, write a brief description of how the proportion making a donation varies for the three types of request.Criminologists have long debated whether there is a relationship between weather and violent crime. The author of the article "Is There a Season for Homicide?" (Criminology [1989]: 287-298) classified 1361 homicides according to season, resulting in the accompanying data. Do these data support the theory that the homicide rate is not the same over the four seasons? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of .05. Winter Spring Summer Fall 354 372 327Jail inmates can be classified into one of the following four categories according to the type of crime committed: violent crime, crime against property, drug offenses, and public-order offenses. Suppose that random samples of 500 male inmates and 500 female inmates are selected, and each inmate is classified according to type of offense. The data in the accompanying table are based on summary values given in the article "Profile of Jail Inmates" (USA Today. April 25. 1901). We would like to know whether male and female inmates differ with respect to type of offense. Gunder Type of Crime lemak Vink-ne 117 Property 150 Drug 107 Public Order 124 a. Is this a test of homogeneity or a test of independence? b. Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of .05.The article "You Will Be Tested on This" (The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 8, 2007) describes an experiment to investigate the effect of quizzes on student leaming. The goal of the experiment was to determine if students who take daily quizzes have better endof-semester retention than students who attend the same lectures and complete the same homework assignments but who do not take the daily quizzes. Describe how you would design such an experiment using the 400 students enrolled in an introductory psychology course as subjects.The paper "Pistachio Nut Consumption and Serum Lipid Levels" (Journal of the American College of Nutrition [2007]: 141-148) describes a study to determine if eating pistachio nuts can have an effect on blood cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol. Fifteen subjects followed their regular diet for 4 weeks and then followed a diet in which 15% of the daily caloric intake was from pistachio nuts for 4 weeks. Total blood cholesterol was measured for each subject at the end of each of the 2 four-week periods, resulting in two samples (one for the regular diet and one for the pistachio diet). a. Are the two samples independent or paired? Explain. b. The mean difference in total cholesterol (regular diet-pistachio diet) was 11 mp/dL. The standard deviation of the differences was 24 mg/dL. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the 15 study participants as representative of adults with high cholesterol and that total cholesterol differences are approximately normally distributed. Do the data support the claim that eating the pistachio diet for 4 weeks is effective in reducing total cholesterol level? Test the relevant hypotheses using a 5 .01