after effects of each option on $($a$)$ retained earnings, $($b$)$ total stockholders' equity, and $($c$)$ par value per share.

$($a$)$

Stock dividend $-$ retained earnings

$

$2-$for$-1$ stock split $-$ retained earnings

$

$($b$)$

$($c$)$

Stock dividend $-$ par value per share

$2-$for$-1$ stock split $-$ par value per share