Allan and Danny have been working for Yummy Treats for about five years, at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Allan has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for himself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in his job. On the other hand, Danny compares himself to different managers, such as Jim who works for the competitor in a similar work position. He feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Yummy Treats.

From Danny's view in this situation, Jim is a$($n$)$:

empowerment evaluator.

valence generator.

cognitive distorter.

external comparison.

internal comparison.