answer questions two only in detail. read the article and answer question 2 with the instruction for that question

2. The speaker states that it's time for a new form of corporate social responsibility. Describe at least 2 SPECIFIC reasons mentioned by the speaker. Do you agree or disagree - BE SPECIFIC in explaining your own viewpoint IN YOUR OWN WORDS. [Applause] so I wanted to start today with that video because I think it really captures the complexity surrounding technology today now I've looked at that video with a lot of colleagues and friends and I find that people's reactions to that video follow along sort of three phases so let me describe them and you can ask if your reactions followed along these phases phase 1 Wow is that cool right I mean is that cool those guys are amazing then they start kicking it that's kind of you know that's kind of mean right I don't know that they should be doing that I don't think they should be allowed to kick them like that and then there's phase 3 I kind of walking up the hill and looking around and that big guy starts going up the hill it's kind of hmm you know they're a little creepy I don't know if I'd feel happy running into them walking in the woods you know what would they do l'm not sure we should be building those things I don't think they should be allowed to build them so the question that I want to explore with you today is who decides should now l've spent a lifetime studying military operations as you heard I was even in the Defense Department for a while and I can tell you the answer to this question for military operations and Technology is very clear who decides should for military operations it's the government its policy its Defense Department leadership one of the things we expect our military to be able to do is comply with something called the laws of armed conflict now the laws of armed conflicts say many important things but one of the things that says is that the military should do everything in its power to target combatants and protect civilians in conflict now I can tell you the military tries very very hard to do this I've studied operations for decades there are they perfect absolutely not do they make mistakes yes but they try very hard and they've gotten better and better and better at it as technology has improved one of the things that has improved our precision weapons precision weapons have made a big difference here in their ability to focus on combatants and protect civilians now more recently we've put precision weapons on something called remotely piloted vehicles drones now I know drones are controversial and I confess I'm not entirely sure I understand why they're so controversial and I wonder if people have the perception or misperception that they're actually autonomous they are remotely piloted the pilot is not in the aircraft but there is a pilot on the ground in a distant location but they have positive control of that aircraft from takeoff to landing and certainly for any employment of a weapon in fact today it is DoD policy that any employment of leaf capability have a human in the loop and when it comes to autonomous systems there's a special directive governing autonomous systems that specifically says lethal autonomous capability is not allowed on the battlefield today and one of the reasons for that is a concern that lethal autonomous systems or technology is not able to discriminate between combatants and civilians and so therefore it would not be in compliance with the laws of armed conflict now let me tell you there are a lot of people who think that this policy is overly constraining I've heard a lot about it right it's it's holding us back it's putting men and women in uniform in harm's way needlessly our adversaries are going to get advanced ahead of us so it's you know there's a lot of pushback on this directive I've thought a lot about this directive I personally think it's just right and I want to ask you to think along with me using the example of our friend spellchecker okay I don't know about you but I often hit Send on a text just after I noticed that my helpful smartphone changed the spelling and the meaning of what I wanted to send I hope that happens to you and I'm not the only one right okay so let's ask ourselves if technology today can't understand the intent of a few simple lines of text how could we count on it to discriminate between a combatant and a civilian in environments so complex such as warfare so 1 personally think the policy has it right for now but the technology is evolving and I also think it will probably evolve to a point where it can discriminate and I am confident that the policy will evolve along with the technology and so I think this is a nice example of the relationship between technology and policy one involves the other revolves they stay together and that happens because technology that I'm talking about here is under the purview of the government now there was a time when advanced she was developed under the purview of the government in most cases that is not true today today advanced technology is developed in the commercial world far more than in government consider for a moment the fact that if you add up the research and development budgets of the top 5 defense contractors talking the big ones Lockheed Martin and Boeing etc the top 5 add them all up that comes to less than half of Microsoft's research and development budget in the year less than half that doesn't even begin to consider the R\&D budgets of Apple and Google and so many others right so advanced technology is no longer the purview of the government it's the purview of the commercial world and policy makers are not governing advanced technology in the commercial world I think that technology is amazing today and it is going so fast that policymakers have fallen behind and I personally am very dubious that they can catch up so where does that leave us I think it leaves us with a bit of a toxic brew where we have advanced powerful technologies that are available to anyone who wants to buy them with few if any constraints over their development and accessibility now technology is making our world better ok we do not want to regulate technology we want technology to continue going forward take for example this very simple but lovely application of technology today a non-profit foundation has developed this app it pairs people with CPR skills with people in need having acute cardiac arrest this simple application of technology is saving lives today awesome right that is awesome we don't want to do anything to stop that but there are other applications of technology that we didn't anticipate that aren't making our world a better place and that we aren't able to govern so I want to continue to explore this a little bit and I want to work through an example with you and I want to work through the example of the internet so I remember when the internet was first conceived of and introduced right was developed by DARPA the Defense Department but rapidly went out into the public and the promise was this amazing notion I still remember how I felt about it at the time that we would be able to instantly communicate with people all over the world and any information you wanted would be at your fingertips coming right up on your computer really really wow that's amazing look what's happened that promise has been realized it's amazing right I think the promise of the Internet has really changed our lives forever there's no going back I don't know about you but I'm really cranky when my Wi-Fi is down for just a little bit right we expect it now it's part of life but when the internet was first introduced I don't think we really envisioned this future world of cyber or cyber warfare or the fact that the Defense Department would one day need a cyber command whose whole mission is to operate in cyberspace and defend it and defend our networks so that's an unanticipated consequence of the internet the internet has introduced a whole set of vulnerabilities and those vulnerabilities are also impacting our lives take for example this um this group of people that worked at Sony so you're at Sony you come to work you turn on your computer you expect your calendar and your email to come up and instead this is what you see that happened to every employee in Sony and November two years ago that was happening right before Sony was due to release a parody a movie about the North Korean leader Kim Jong on it was a terrible movie okay terrible was it was their biggest concerns at Sony before this happened was how big a flop it was going to be okay but North Korea didn't think it was so funny they didn't work they didn't understand that it might be a flop they didn't care and this is what happened to Sony they were hacked information was stolen embarrassing information and they got this threat and multiple threats for the next several weeks and it had a very devastating effect on Sony and the people who work there or perhaps consider that you're one of the twenty one point nine million people I bet some of you here are I certainly a.m. who had their personal identifying information stolen out of the Office of Personnel management's database okay stolen by a hacker they think in China well what's that hacker going to do with my data I don't know you know it's unnerving it's really unnerving and then take a much more recent example where we have a nation hacking into our political process the very foundation of our government a very big deal indeed so that's where we've been that's the story of the internet great promise all achieved even more so but also simultaneously introduced some vulnerabilities that we hadn't envisioned hadn't counted on and hadn't prepared for all right so let's stop and ask ourselves going forward what's next where are we now and what do we see going forward where maybe we can anticipate a little better do a little bit better job so I want to talk a little bit about the Internet of Things now the Internet of Things it's already here in some ways right you can already turn the lights on in your home before you get there so it's nice and friendly when you arrive turn the heat up so it's warm and toasty get your coffee done in the morning from just to click on your smartphone wonderful things all aimed at makinn nur lives easier makinn nr lives technology and you know this has been the study of academics for a long time morality affects legality of technical new technologies and the introduction of technology and I want to suggest to you today that the time for study is over these things are here today this technology is exploding today now you may think that that robot is way far off and we have a lot of time to get it right but the manufacturers are predicting that they'll be ready for market in less than two years now you may be skeptical I can tell you I'm skeptical but I'm a terrible predictor of these things two years ago I said no way are we going to have autonomous cars on the road in any near time right there's going to take a long time well if you're driving on the Beltway today there's a very good chance that there's an autonomous vehicle driving somewhere in your midst right now today so you know autonomous cars is another really interesting thing right because autonomous cars are also going to have to make some difficult choices what if a car autonomous car gets into a situation where it has to Jews whether to protect the occupants of the car or the people outside the car does the car drive into the pedestrians or the brick wall it seems to me that's a little bit like trying to choose between a combatant and a civilian yet the cars are on the road now and what about their hack ability if you don't think you can hack these cars I encourage you to Google Jeep hack many of you have I can hear that you know it's and that's not even an autonomous car right she's just driving down the road as radio goes craziest air conditioning goes crazy but his transmission is cut and he coasts to a stop in the midst of traffic a very dangerous situation so so these things are with us now and I think there's a sense of urgency we have to start really grappling with this problem and I don't think policymakers are going to solve it so I think that maybe it calls for some new form of corporate social responsibility I think companies need to take this on it's a little different version of it but it you could see how it might apply where companies think about the vulnerabilities of their technology as well as the promise and the coolness of it and perhaps we could get companies to adopt something we do in the Defense Department called red teaming when the Defense Department comes up with new plans or new technologies that we want to introduce we bring people in who are very imaginative and expert on on what adversaries might do and we say okay have at it give us your all use your imaginations take our plans apart tell us how this technology can be turned against us and they do that and that gives us a chance to fix our plans and to change the way we use the technology so we have a much better chance of success when we need to use these things perhaps we could Red Team new technologies before they go on the street we could get somebody to use their imagination to ask how that robot might end up being used against us instead of helpfully helping us make our lives better now in order for a new form of corporate social responsibility to work there has to be a reward system right so they have to invest in more protection it's going to take a more time cost a little more money so the reward is that you preferentially buy the products that come with security that means consumers need to be educated and they need to ask the hard questions before they just buy the device and so that means the answer to who decides should is us I really think all of us we have to decide should corporations need to decide should and consumers need to decide should now listen I don't want to be debbie downer I love technology okay I work at the Applied Physics lab I am surrounded by cool technology every day and I love to buy it okay but I want a world where the technology is taking us to that great place that makes our lives better and I want to avoid a world where we're surprised by unintended events and we're surprised by unintended events and vulnerabilities that we just didn't take a moment to anticipate but I'm confident that if we all pull together and we start asking the hard questions we can drive our world in that good direction not just for us today but for generations to come thank you 2. The speaker states that it's time for a new form of corporate social responsibility. Describe at least 2 SPECIFIC reasons mentioned by the speaker. Do you agree or disagree - BE SPECIFIC in explaining your own viewpoint IN YOUR OWN WORDS. [Applause] so I wanted to start today with that video because I think it really captures the complexity surrounding technology today now I've looked at that video with a lot of colleagues and friends and I find that people's reactions to that video follow along sort of three phases so let me describe them and you can ask if your reactions followed along these phases phase 1 Wow is that cool right I mean is that cool those guys are amazing then they start kicking it that's kind of you know that's kind of mean right I don't know that they should be doing that I don't think they should be allowed to kick them like that and then there's phase 3 I kind of walking up the hill and looking around and that big guy starts going up the hill it's kind of hmm you know they're a little creepy I don't know if I'd feel happy running into them walking in the woods you know what would they do l'm not sure we should be building those things I don't think they should be allowed to build them so the question that I want to explore with you today is who decides should now l've spent a lifetime studying military operations as you heard I was even in the Defense Department for a while and I can tell you the answer to this question for military operations and Technology is very clear who decides should for military operations it's the government its policy its Defense Department leadership one of the things we expect our military to be able to do is comply with something called the laws of armed conflict now the laws of armed conflicts say many important things but one of the things that says is that the military should do everything in its power to target combatants and protect civilians in conflict now I can tell you the military tries very very hard to do this I've studied operations for decades there are they perfect absolutely not do they make mistakes yes but they try very hard and they've gotten better and better and better at it as technology has improved one of the things that has improved our precision weapons precision weapons have made a big difference here in their ability to focus on combatants and protect civilians now more recently we've put precision weapons on something called remotely piloted vehicles drones now I know drones are controversial and I confess I'm not entirely sure I understand why they're so controversial and I wonder if people have the perception or misperception that they're actually autonomous they are remotely piloted the pilot is not in the aircraft but there is a pilot on the ground in a distant location but they have positive control of that aircraft from takeoff to landing and certainly for any employment of a weapon in fact today it is DoD policy that any employment of leaf capability have a human in the loop and when it comes to autonomous systems there's a special directive governing autonomous systems that specifically says lethal autonomous capability is not allowed on the battlefield today and one of the reasons for that is a concern that lethal autonomous systems or technology is not able to discriminate between combatants and civilians and so therefore it would not be in compliance with the laws of armed conflict now let me tell you there are a lot of people who think that this policy is overly constraining I've heard a lot about it right it's it's holding us back it's putting men and women in uniform in harm's way needlessly our adversaries are going to get advanced ahead of us so it's you know there's a lot of pushback on this directive I've thought a lot about this directive I personally think it's just right and I want to ask you to think along with me using the example of our friend spellchecker okay I don't know about you but I often hit Send on a text just after I noticed that my helpful smartphone changed the spelling and the meaning of what I wanted to send I hope that happens to you and I'm not the only one right okay so let's ask ourselves if technology today can't understand the intent of a few simple lines of text how could we count on it to discriminate between a combatant and a civilian in environments so complex such as warfare so 1 personally think the policy has it right for now but the technology is evolving and I also think it will probably evolve to a point where it can discriminate and I am confident that the policy will evolve along with the technology and so I think this is a nice example of the relationship between technology and policy one involves the other revolves they stay together and that happens because technology that I'm talking about here is under the purview of the government now there was a time when advanced she was developed under the purview of the government in most cases that is not true today today advanced technology is developed in the commercial world far more than in government consider for a moment the fact that if you add up the research and development budgets of the top 5 defense contractors talking the big ones Lockheed Martin and Boeing etc the top 5 add them all up that comes to less than half of Microsoft's research and development budget in the year less than half that doesn't even begin to consider the R\&D budgets of Apple and Google and so many others right so advanced technology is no longer the purview of the government it's the purview of the commercial world and policy makers are not governing advanced technology in the commercial world I think that technology is amazing today and it is going so fast that policymakers have fallen behind and I personally am very dubious that they can catch up so where does that leave us I think it leaves us with a bit of a toxic brew where we have advanced powerful technologies that are available to anyone who wants to buy them with few if any constraints over their development and accessibility now technology is making our world better ok we do not want to regulate technology we want technology to continue going forward take for example this very simple but lovely application of technology today a non-profit foundation has developed this app it pairs people with CPR skills with people in need having acute cardiac arrest this simple application of technology is saving lives today awesome right that is awesome we don't want to do anything to stop that but there are other applications of technology that we didn't anticipate that aren't making our world a better place and that we aren't able to govern so I want to continue to explore this a little bit and I want to work through an example with you and I want to work through the example of the internet so I remember when the internet was first conceived of and introduced right was developed by DARPA the Defense Department but rapidly went out into the public and the promise was this amazing notion I still remember how I felt about it at the time that we would be able to instantly communicate with people all over the world and any information you wanted would be at your fingertips coming right up on your computer really really wow that's amazing look what's happened that promise has been realized it's amazing right I think the promise of the Internet has really changed our lives forever there's no going back I don't know about you but I'm really cranky when my Wi-Fi is down for just a little bit right we expect it now it's part of life but when the internet was first introduced I don't think we really envisioned this future world of cyber or cyber warfare or the fact that the Defense Department would one day need a cyber command whose whole mission is to operate in cyberspace and defend it and defend our networks so that's an unanticipated consequence of the internet the internet has introduced a whole set of vulnerabilities and those vulnerabilities are also impacting our lives take for example this um this group of people that worked at Sony so you're at Sony you come to work you turn on your computer you expect your calendar and your email to come up and instead this is what you see that happened to every employee in Sony and November two years ago that was happening right before Sony was due to release a parody a movie about the North Korean leader Kim Jong on it was a terrible movie okay terrible was it was their biggest concerns at Sony before this happened was how big a flop it was going to be okay but North Korea didn't think it was so funny they didn't work they didn't understand that it might be a flop they didn't care and this is what happened to Sony they were hacked information was stolen embarrassing information and they got this threat and multiple threats for the next several weeks and it had a very devastating effect on Sony and the people who work there or perhaps consider that you're one of the twenty one point nine million people I bet some of you here are I certainly a.m. who had their personal identifying information stolen out of the Office of Personnel management's database okay stolen by a hacker they think in China well what's that hacker going to do with my data I don't know you know it's unnerving it's really unnerving and then take a much more recent example where we have a nation hacking into our political process the very foundation of our government a very big deal indeed so that's where we've been that's the story of the internet great promise all achieved even more so but also simultaneously introduced some vulnerabilities that we hadn't envisioned hadn't counted on and hadn't prepared for all right so let's stop and ask ourselves going forward what's next where are we now and what do we see going forward where maybe we can anticipate a little better do a little bit better job so I want to talk a little bit about the Internet of Things now the Internet of Things it's already here in some ways right you can already turn the lights on in your home before you get there so it's nice and friendly when you arrive turn the heat up so it's warm and toasty get your coffee done in the morning from just to click on your smartphone wonderful things all aimed at makinn nur lives easier makinn nr lives technology and you know this has been the study of academics for a long time morality affects legality of technical new technologies and the introduction of technology and I want to suggest to you today that the time for study is over these things are here today this technology is exploding today now you may think that that robot is way far off and we have a lot of time to get it right but the manufacturers are predicting that they'll be ready for market in less than two years now you may be skeptical I can tell you I'm skeptical but I'm a terrible predictor of these things two years ago I said no way are we going to have autonomous cars on the road in any near time right there's going to take a long time well if you're driving on the Beltway today there's a very good chance that there's an autonomous vehicle driving somewhere in your midst right now today so you know autonomous cars is another really interesting thing right because autonomous cars are also going to have to make some difficult choices what if a car autonomous car gets into a situation where it has to Jews whether to protect the occupants of the car or the people outside the car does the car drive into the pedestrians or the brick wall it seems to me that's a little bit like trying to choose between a combatant and a civilian yet the cars are on the road now and what about their hack ability if you don't think you can hack these cars I encourage you to Google Jeep hack many of you have I can hear that you know it's and that's not even an autonomous car right she's just driving down the road as radio goes craziest air conditioning goes crazy but his transmission is cut and he coasts to a stop in the midst of traffic a very dangerous situation so so these things are with us now and I think there's a sense of urgency we have to start really grappling with this problem and I don't think policymakers are going to solve it so I think that maybe it calls for some new form of corporate social responsibility I think companies need to take this on it's a little different version of it but it you could see how it might apply where companies think about the vulnerabilities of their technology as well as the promise and the coolness of it and perhaps we could get companies to adopt something we do in the Defense Department called red teaming when the Defense Department comes up with new plans or new technologies that we want to introduce we bring people in who are very imaginative and expert on on what adversaries might do and we say okay have at it give us your all use your imaginations take our plans apart tell us how this technology can be turned against us and they do that and that gives us a chance to fix our plans and to change the way we use the technology so we have a much better chance of success when we need to use these things perhaps we could Red Team new technologies before they go on the street we could get somebody to use their imagination to ask how that robot might end up being used against us instead of helpfully helping us make our lives better now in order for a new form of corporate social responsibility to work there has to be a reward system right so they have to invest in more protection it's going to take a more time cost a little more money so the reward is that you preferentially buy the products that come with security that means consumers need to be educated and they need to ask the hard questions before they just buy the device and so that means the answer to who decides should is us I really think all of us we have to decide should corporations need to decide should and consumers need to decide should now listen I don't want to be debbie downer I love technology okay I work at the Applied Physics lab I am surrounded by cool technology every day and I love to buy it okay but I want a world where the technology is taking us to that great place that makes our lives better and I want to avoid a world where we're surprised by unintended events and we're surprised by unintended events and vulnerabilities that we just didn't take a moment to anticipate but I'm confident that if we all pull together and we start asking the hard questions we can drive our world in that good direction not just for us today but for generations to come thank you