Answer the a,b,c questions

9. Buffer intensity, alkalinity and hardness. (20 pts) a) Describe the concept of buffer intensity. b) Write the charge balance equation of alkalinity. c) Water contained 130mg/L of [CO32] and 50mg/L of [HCO3]. The measured pH was 9.0, Calculate the alkalinity of this water system. d) In water system (b), 150mg/L of MgSO4 was additionally added. Calculate Hardness. MgSO4 is dissociated with Mg2+ and SO42