Arndt, Incorporated reported the following for 2024 and 2025 ($ in millions): Revenues 2024 $ 946 2025 $ 1,038 Expenses 802 858 Pretax accounting income (income statement) Taxable income (tax return) $ 144 180 $ 98 $ 214 Tax rate: 25% a. Expenses each year include $64 million from a two-year casualty insurance policy purchased in 2024 for $128 million. The cost is tax deductible in 2024. b. Expenses include $2 million insurance premiums each year for life insurance on key executives. c. Arndt sells one-year subscriptions to a weekly journal. Subscription sales collected and taxable in 2024 and 2025 were $65 million and $81 million, respectively. Subscriptions included in 2024 and 2025 financial reporting revenues were $59 million ($42 million collected in 2023 but not recognized as revenue until 2024) and $65 million, respectively. Hint. View this as two temporary differences-one reversing in 2024; one originating in 2024. d. 2024 expenses included a $48 million unrealized loss from reducing investments (classified as trading securities) to fair value. The investments were sold and the loss realized in 2025. e. During 2023, accounting income included an estimated loss of $38 million from having accrued a loss contingency. The loss was paid in 2024, at which time it is tax deductible. f. At January 1, 2024, Arndt had a deferred tax asset of $20 million and no deferred tax liability. Required: 1. Which of the five differences described in items a-e are temporary and which are permanent differences? a Casualty insurance expense b Life insurance premiums c. Subscriptions