At the beginning of the year, Blue Chipmunk Foodstuffs, Inc. had an unlevered value of $9,000,000. It pays federal and state taxes at the marginal rate of 35%, and currently has $3,500,000 in debt capital in its capital structure. and the levered value of According to MM Proposition I with taxes, Blue Chipmunk Foodstuffs is allowed to recognize a tax shield of the firm is $7,775,000. $12,500,000 $5,500,000. $10,225,000. In 1977, Merton Miller added to the discussion regarding the effect of taxes on a firm's value by including the effect of personal income taxes. He was interested in how the presence of individual income taxes would affect business's use of debt financing, and developed the following model for the value of a levered firm: VL V,+D 1 - (1-Te) (1-T:) 1, (1-T) where Tc, Ts, and Ta represent the tax rates imposed on corporate income, personal income from equity investments, and personal income from debt investments, respectively. pre-tax return on equity A basic premise of Miller's work, under the current US Tax Code, is that investors are willing to accept a investments than on bond investments because tax rates imposed on bond investments are lower than those imposed on equity investments. equity investments are lower than those imposed on bond investments. The result of Miller's work is the conclusion that the US Tax Code produces two competing pressures that affect a business's use of leverage. These two conflicting effects are the deductibility of the preferential tax treatment of -which creates a tax shield-favors the use of financing in a firm's capital structure; income (dividends and capital gains) favors the use of financing