Athletes who had suffered hamstring injuries were randomly assigned to one of two exercise programs Describe a strategy to randomly assign injured athletes to the two exercise programs What should be done if one of the athletes sayshe'd prefer the otherprogram Describe a strategy to randomly assign injured athletes to the two exercise programs Choose the correct answer below A Using an alphabetized list of the participantsnames, assign the first half to the first exercise program and the second half to the second exercise program B Use a random number generator to randomly assign each athlete to an exercise program C Using an alphabetized list of the participantsnames, alternate which exercise program the athletes are assigned to D Assign each athlete the exercise program they would prefer What should be done if one of the athletes sayshe'd prefer the otherprogram A The athlete should be switched to the other exercise program but only if an athlete from the other exercise program is switched as well B The athlete should be kept in his assigned exercise program C If there are more than 30 athletes in thestudy, it does not matter which program the athlete is in D If it does not unbalance the number of participants in each exerciseprogram, the athlete should be switched to the other program In a large city school system with 26 elementaryschools, the school board is considering the adoption of a new policy that would require elementary students to pass a test in order to be promoted to the next grade The PTA wants to find out whether parents agree with this plan Listed below are some of the ideas proposed for gathering data Foreach, indicate what kind of sampling strategy is involved and what(if any) biases might result Assume the schools are homogeneous and differ from each other a) Randomlyselect200parentsandsendthemasurvey Followupwithahome visit iftheydonotreturnthesurveywithinaweek Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved A This sampling strategy is asimplerandomsample B This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling C This sampling strategy is avoluntaryresponsesample D This sampling strategy is systematicsampling What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult A Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan B Undercoveragebiascouldresultsincetheparentsinthesamplemaynotbe representativeofallparents C UndercoveragebiascouldresultsinceonlyparentsinvolvedwiththePTAwill besampled D Biascouldresultonlyifthesamplingstrategyisnotfollowedas described b) SendanoticetoeachhomeandaskpeopletocontactthePTAandrecord their opinions Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved A This sampling strategy is conveniencesampling B This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling C This sampling strategy is clustersampling D This sampling strategy is avoluntaryresponsesample What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult A Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan B Biascouldresultonlyifthesamplingstrategyisnotfollowedas described C UndercoveragebiascouldresultsinceonlyparentsinvolvedwiththePTAwill besampled D Voluntaryresponsebiaswillresultsinceonlyparentswhofeelstronglyabout theissuewillrespond c) Randomlyselectoneofthegradelevelsandcontacttheparentsof every student Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved A This sampling strategy is asimplerandomsample B This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling C This sampling strategy is clustersampling D This sampling strategy is anattemptatacensus What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult A Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan B Undercoveragebiascouldresultsincetheparentsinthesamplemaynotbe representativeofallparents C UndercoveragebiascouldresultsinceonlyparentsinvolvedwiththePTAwill besampled D Nonresponsebiascouldresultsincenotallparentswill respond d) Randomlyselect10parentsfromeachelementaryschool Sendthemasurvey, and followupwithahomevisitiftheydonotreturnthesurveywithinaweek Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved A This sampling strategy is conveniencesampling B This sampling strategy is systematicsampling C This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling D This sampling strategy is asimplerandomsample What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult A Voluntaryresponsebiaswillresultsinceonlyparentswhofeelstronglyabout theissuewillrespond B Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan C Biascouldresultonlyifthesamplingstrategyisnotfollowedas described D Nonresponsebiascouldresultsincenotallparentswill respond The managers of a large company wished to know the percentage of employees who feel extremely satisfied to work there The company has roughly 24,000 employees Three scenarios are given in parts a through c below For eachscenario, determine the sampling method used by the managers a) The managers select a single branch at random and survey every employee of that branch A The managers used a multistage sample B The managers used a stratified sample C The managers used a cluster sample D The managers used a systematic sample E The managers used a simple random sample b) The managers use the companye mail directory to contact every 80th employee on the list Choose the correct sampling method below A The managers used a multistage sample B The managers used a cluster sample C The managers used a stratified sample D The managers used a simple random sample E The managers used a systematic sample c) The managers split the company intodivisions, with each division containing employees that have similar jobs Within eachdivision, they select a SRS of employees to contact Choose the correct sampling method below A The managers used a multistage sample B The managers used a simple random sample C The managers used a stratified sample D The managers used a cluster sample E The managers used a systematic sample Recently, a group of adults who swim regularly for exercise were evaluated for depression It turned out that these swimmers were less likely to be depressed than the general population The researchers said the difference was statistically significant Complete parts a through d below a) What does statistically significant mean in thiscontext A The depression rate of the group of swimmers was the same as what would be expected by natural sampling variation B The difference in the depression rates for the two groups was greater than would be expected by natural sampling variation C The difference in the depression rates for the two groups was less than would be expected by natural sampling variation D The proportion of swimmers in the general population was greater than would be expected by natural sampling variation b) Is this an experiment or an observationalstudy Explain This is an observational study, experiment, because subjects were randomly assigned to have depression there was no difference in previous behaviors subjects were randomly assigned to treatments there was no experimental treatment c) News reports claimed this study proved that swimming can prevent depression Explain why this conclusion is not justified by the study Include an example of a possible lurking variable A The relationship may not be causative Depressed people may tend to swim more B There could be a variable associated with depression and swimming that causes the appearance of a relationship Forexample, depressed people and people who do not swim may be more affluent than the average person C There could be a variable associated with depression and swimming that causes the appearance of a relationship Forexample, depressed people and people who do not swim may be less affluent than the average person D The relationship may not be causative Depressed people may tend to swim less d) But perhaps it is true Researches wonder if exercise can ward offdepression, and whether anaerobic exercise(like weighttraining) is as effective as aerobic exercise(like swimming) Researchers find 120 volunteers not currently engaged in a regular program of exercise Design an appropriate experiment A Give the subjects a test to measure depression Randomly assign each subject to either aerobicexercise, anaerobicexercise, or both forms of exercise After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre andpost exercise scores B Give the subjects a test to measure depression Assign the depressed subjects to aerobicexercise, and thenon depressed subjects to anaerobic exercise After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre andpost exercise scores C Give the subjects a test to measure depression Randomly assign each subject to either aerobicexercise, anaerobicexercise, or no exercise After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre andpost exercise scores D Give the subjects a test to measure depression Randomly assign each subject to either aerobicexercise, both forms ofexercise, or no exercise After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre andpost exercise scores

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Athletes who had suffered hamstring injuries were randomly assigned to one of two exercise programs. Describe a strategy to randomly assign injured athletes to the

Athletes who had suffered hamstring injuries were randomly assigned to one of two exercise programs. Describe a strategy to randomly assign injured athletes to the two exercise programs. What should be done if one of the athletes sayshe'd prefer the otherprogram?

Describe a strategy to randomly assign injured athletes to the two exercise programs. Choose the correct answer below.

Using an alphabetized list of the participantsnames, assign the first half to the first exercise program and the second half to the second exercise program.

Use a random number generator to randomly assign each athlete to an exercise program.

Using an alphabetized list of the participantsnames, alternate which exercise program the athletes are assigned to.

Assign each athlete the exercise program they would prefer.

What should be done if one of the athletes sayshe'd prefer the otherprogram?

The athlete should be switched to the other exercise program but only if an athlete from the other exercise program is switched as well.

The athlete should be kept in his assigned exercise program.

If there are more than 30 athletes in thestudy, it does not matter which program the athlete is in.

If it does not unbalance the number of participants in each exerciseprogram, the athlete should be switched to the other program

In a large city school system with 26 elementaryschools, the school board is considering the adoption of a new policy that would require elementary students to pass a test in order to be promoted to the next grade. The PTA wants to find out whether parents agree with this plan. Listed below are some of the ideas proposed for gathering data. Foreach, indicate what kind of sampling strategy is involved and what(if any) biases might result. Assume the schools are homogeneous and differ from each other.

a) Randomlyselect200parentsandsendthemasurvey.Followupwithahome visit iftheydonotreturnthesurveywithinaweek.

Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved?

This sampling strategy is asimplerandomsample.

This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling.

This sampling strategy is avoluntaryresponsesample.

This sampling strategy is systematicsampling.

What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult?

Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan.

Undercoveragebiascouldresultsincetheparentsinthesamplemaynotbe representativeofallparents.

UndercoveragebiascouldresultsinceonlyparentsinvolvedwiththePTAwill besampled.

Biascouldresultonlyifthesamplingstrategyisnotfollowedas described.

b) SendanoticetoeachhomeandaskpeopletocontactthePTAandrecord their opinions.

Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved?

This sampling strategy is conveniencesampling.

This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling.

This sampling strategy is clustersampling.

This sampling strategy is avoluntaryresponsesample.

What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult?

Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan.

Biascouldresultonlyifthesamplingstrategyisnotfollowedas described.

UndercoveragebiascouldresultsinceonlyparentsinvolvedwiththePTAwill besampled.

Voluntaryresponsebiaswillresultsinceonlyparentswhofeelstronglyabout theissuewillrespond.

c) Randomlyselectoneofthegradelevelsandcontacttheparentsof every student.

Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved?

This sampling strategy is asimplerandomsample.

This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling.

This sampling strategy is clustersampling.

This sampling strategy is anattemptatacensus.

What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult?

Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan.

Undercoveragebiascouldresultsincetheparentsinthesamplemaynotbe representativeofallparents.

UndercoveragebiascouldresultsinceonlyparentsinvolvedwiththePTAwill besampled.

Nonresponsebiascouldresultsincenotallparentswill respond.

d) Randomlyselect10parentsfromeachelementaryschool.Sendthemasurvey, and followupwithahomevisitiftheydonotreturnthesurveywithinaweek.

Which kind of sampling strategy isinvolved?

This sampling strategy is conveniencesampling.

This sampling strategy is systematicsampling.

This sampling strategy is stratifiedsampling.

This sampling strategy is asimplerandomsample.

What kind of bias(if any) is most likely toresult?

Voluntaryresponsebiaswillresultsinceonlyparentswhofeelstronglyabout theissuewillrespond.

Response bias could result since the PTA wants parents to agree to this plan.

Biascouldresultonlyifthesamplingstrategyisnotfollowedas described.

Nonresponsebiascouldresultsincenotallparentswill respond.

The managers of a large company wished to know the percentage of employees who feel"extremely satisfied" to work there. The company has roughly 24,000 employees. Three scenarios are given in parts a through c below. For eachscenario, determine the sampling method used by the managers.

a) The managers select a single branch at random and survey every employee of that branch.

The managers used a multistage sample.

The managers used a stratified sample.

The managers used a cluster sample.

The managers used a systematic sample.

The managers used a simple random sample.

b) The managers use the companye-mail directory to contact every 80th employee on the list. Choose the correct sampling method below.

The managers used a multistage sample.

The managers used a cluster sample.

The managers used a stratified sample.

The managers used a simple random sample.

The managers used a systematic sample.

c) The managers split the company intodivisions, with each division containing employees that have similar jobs. Within eachdivision, they select a SRS of employees to contact.

Choose the correct sampling method below.

The managers used a multistage sample.

The managers used a simple random sample.

The managers used a stratified sample.

The managers used a cluster sample.

The managers used a systematic sample.

Recently, a group of adults who swim regularly for exercise were evaluated for depression. It turned out that these swimmers were less likely to be depressed than the general population. The researchers said the difference was statistically significant. Complete parts a through d below.

a) What does"statistically significant" mean in thiscontext?

The depression rate of the group of swimmers was the same as what would be expected by natural sampling variation.

The difference in the depression rates for the two groups was greater than would be expected by natural sampling variation.

The difference in the depression rates for the two groups was less than would be expected by natural sampling variation.

The proportion of swimmers in the general population was greater than would be expected by natural sampling variation.

b) Is this an experiment or an observationalstudy? Explain.

This is an

observational study,

experiment,

because

subjects were randomly assigned to have depression.

there was no difference in previous behaviors.

subjects were randomly assigned to treatments.

there was no experimental treatment.

c) News reports claimed this study proved that swimming can prevent depression. Explain why this conclusion is not justified by the study. Include an example of a possible lurking variable.

The relationship may not be causative. Depressed people may tend to swim more.

There could be a variable associated with depression and swimming that causes the appearance of a relationship. Forexample, depressed people and people who do not swim may be more affluent than the average person.

There could be a variable associated with depression and swimming that causes the appearance of a relationship. Forexample, depressed people and people who do not swim may be less affluent than the average person.

The relationship may not be causative. Depressed people may tend to swim less.

d) But perhaps it is true. Researches wonder if exercise can ward offdepression, and whether anaerobic exercise(like weighttraining) is as effective as aerobic exercise(like swimming). Researchers find 120 volunteers not currently engaged in a regular program of exercise. Design an appropriate experiment.

Give the subjects a test to measure depression. Randomly assign each subject to either aerobicexercise, anaerobicexercise, or both forms of exercise. After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre- andpost-exercise scores.

Give the subjects a test to measure depression. Assign the depressed subjects to aerobicexercise, and thenon-depressed subjects to anaerobic exercise. After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre- andpost-exercise scores.

Give the subjects a test to measure depression. Randomly assign each subject to either aerobicexercise, anaerobicexercise, or no exercise. After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre- andpost-exercise scores.

Give the subjects a test to measure depression. Randomly assign each subject to either aerobicexercise, both forms ofexercise, or no exercise. After threemonths, administer the test again and compare thepre- andpost-exercise scores.