AutoSave OFF Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Calibri (Bo... 24 ' Aa Paste B I U ab x, A Page 1 of 2 87 words Mailings Review View W= Prediction Worksheet Revolution (9) Tell me Comments Editing Share Z [ AaBbCcDdEe Normal AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDc AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( > No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Pane Dictate Sensitivity Editor Labor and the Industrial Revolution Part A: Original Prediction Did the Industrial Revolution improve life for the average worker? Why do you think this: Part B: Revising Prediction After Data Analysis Did the Industrial Revolution improve life for the average worker? After Reading Did the Industrial Revolution improve life for the average worker? What data from the activity supports why you believe this? What evidence from the reading supports why you believe this? English (United States) Focus E = + 151% AutoSave OFF Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Mailings Review View W= Labor Investigations Revolution (9) Tell me Comments Editing Share Calibri (Bo... 12 ' Aa [ Paste B I ab x, A AaBbCcDdEe Normal AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( > No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Dictate Sensitivity Editor Pane Page 1 of 4 1864 words Dramatically underscoring the frequency of industrial accidents, The Factory Inspector once reported on "the peculiar coincidence of two men of the same name meeting their doom in the same manner at the same hour" in different cities. John Minick of Escanaba, Michigan, and a namesake in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, both millwrights, were killed when their clothing became entangled in rotating shafting. No one witnessed either accident, but the bodies were found later. 118 The steel industry had come under intense public scrutiny with the formation of the U.S. Steel Corp. and several muckrakers also turned their attention to this industry. In Chicago, home of U.S. Steel's huge South Works, bad working conditions were widespread. Writer William B. Hard came to investigate in 1907 and attracted nation-wide attention with his article "Making Steel and Killing Men."119 Hard estimated that each year 1,200 men were killed or injured out of a work force of about 10,000. He described an accident in which a man was roasted alive by molten slag that spilled from a giant ladle when a hook from an overhead crane carrying it slipped. The ladle lacked proper lugs and the hook had been attached precariously to the rim. Hard argued that U.S. Steel had ample ability to reduce accidents but lacked strong incentive to do so. When a man was killed on the job, there was only one chance in five that the company would ever have to pay compensation to his survivors. Charles Rumford Walker also wrote on injuries in labor after graduating college and working a steel mill for a while. At the steel mill, the stoves used to heat the air blast in the furnaces had a brick checker work on the top of the furnace to retain the heat. This checker work filled up with flue dust periodically and had to be cleaned out. The dust was so thick one could hardly see, and the heat so intense that one could work only three minutes at a time. When Walker went up there he reported that "my lungs were like paper on fire." There was an open shaft next to the checker work that went all the way to the bottom of the furnace. Walker was told a man had fallen down that shaft to his death. 120 Walker became sharply aware of the difficulties faced by the non-English speaking immigrant workers in the mills. It struck him, after being bawled out "picturesquely for not knowing where something was that I had never heard of, that this was what every immigrant Hunky endured." Once, when the pit boss told a Slavic worker to do a particular job, the man did not understand, and the pit boss said, "Lord! but these Hunkies are dumb." Walker was convinced that most of the accidents, misunderstandings and wasted motion that took place would disappear if there were "a common English (United States) Focus 34 + 151% AutoSave OFF Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Calibri (Bo... 12 ' Aa Paste B I ab x, A Page 1 of 4 1864 words Mailings Review View W= Labor Investigations Revolution (9) Tell me Comments Editing Share [ AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( > Normal No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Dictate Sensitivity Editor Pane Dramatically underscoring the frequency of industrial accidents, The Factory Inspector once reported on "the peculiar coincidence of two men of the same name meeting their doom in the same manner at the same hour" in different cities. John Minick of Escanaba, Michigan, and a namesake in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, both millwrights, were killed when their clothing became entangled in rotating shafting. No one witnessed either accident, but the bodies were found later. 118 The steel industry had come under intense public scrutiny with the formation of the U.S. Steel Corp. and several muckrakers also turned their attention to this industry. In Chicago, home of U.S. Steel's huge South Works, bad working conditions were widespread. Writer William B. Hard came to investigate in 1907 and attracted nation-wide attention with his article "Making Steel and Killing Men."119 Hard estimated that each year 1,200 men were killed or injured out of a work force of about 10,000. He described an accident in which a man was roasted alive by molten slag that spilled from a giant ladle when a hook from an overhead crane carrying it slipped. The ladle lacked proper lugs and the hook had been attached precariously to the rim. Hard argued that U.S. Steel had ample ability to reduce accidents but lacked strong incentive to do so. When a man was killed on the job, there was only one chance in five that the company would ever have to pay compensation to his survivors. Charles Rumford Walker also wrote on injuries in labor after graduating college and working a steel mill for a while. At the steel mill, the stoves used to heat the air blast in the furnaces had a brick checker work on the top of the furnace to retain the heat. This checker work filled up with flue dust periodically and had to be cleaned out. The dust was so thick one could hardly see, and the heat so intense that one could work only three minutes at a time. When Walker went up there he reported that "my lungs were like paper on fire." There was an open shaft next to the checker work that went all the way to the bottom of the furnace. Walker was told a man had fallen down that shaft to his death. 120 Walker became sharply aware of the difficulties faced by the non-English speaking immigrant workers in the mills. It struck him, after being bawled out "picturesquely for not knowing where something was that I had never heard of, that this was what every immigrant Hunky endured." Once, when the pit boss told a Slavic worker to do a particular job, the man did not understand, and the pit boss said, "Lord! but these Hunkies are dumb." Walker was convinced that most of the accidents, misunderstandings and wasted motion that took place would disappear if there were "a common English (United States) Focus 34 + 151% AutoSave OFF Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Mailings Review View W= Labor Investigations Revolution (9) Tell me Calibri (Bo... 12 ' Aa Z [ AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDdEe Paste B I U ab x, A Normal No Spacing Comments Editing Share AaBb( AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( > Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Pane Dictate Sensitivity Editor MISUnuti slanumig aliu wasteu molion that town place woulu uisapptai in there welc language, of mind as well as tongue." "121 a cummITUIT Immigrant steelworkers were generally willing to put up with the long hours, hard, work, and bad conditions as long as they had steady employment. They were usually stuck with the dirtiest, hottest, most hazardous jobs. Steel making, dangerous enough for experienced workers, was even more so for these unseasoned peasants. From 1906 to 1910, the accident rates for immigrants at the South Works were double those for English-speakers. Each year, about one-fourth of the immigrant workers were killed or injured on the job. 122 In 1907-1908 the Russell Sage Foundation sponsored a massive survey of living and working conditions in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, focusing on workers in the steel industry, though it included mining and railroading. Titled the "Pittsburgh Survey," it was well publicized and revealed an ugly side of industrializing America. One of the many publications that grew out of it was Crystal Eastman's Work Accidents and the Law, published in 1910. Eastman based her book on data gathered on all industrial deaths in the Pittsburgh area for one year, on accidents for three months, over a thousand cases in all. Investigators tracked down data on the nature of each accident - the cause, who was at fault, economic effects on families, and so on. Mines and railroads were included, but steel mills constituted the largest manufacturing sector. Eastman hoped to find the answers to two questions: what was the true distribution of blame for accidents between workers and employers; and, who bore the brunt of the economic burden of work accidents.123 The answer to the second question was fairly clear. Of the 526 deaths in the year of the Pittsburgh Survey, 235 involved survivors. Of those, 53 percent received $100 or less from the employer. Of the 509 workmen injured in a three month period, employers paid hospital costs for 84 percent of them, but only 37 percent received any benefits beyond that, according to Eastman. "For our present purpose this fact is significant enough: In over one-half of the deaths and injuries ... the employers assumed absolutely no share of the inevitable income loss. "124 Further underlining the shifting of the burden of lost income from employers to victims, Eastman wrote: 34 "In work accidents we have a peculiar kind of disaster, by which... only wage earners are affected, and which falls upon them in addition to all the disasters that are the Page 3 of 4 1864 words English (United States) Focus + 151% AutoSave OFF Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Calibri (Bo... 12 ' Aa P Paste B I U ab x, A Mailings Review View W= Labor Investigations Revolution (9) Tell me T AaBbCcDdEe Normal AaBbCcDdEe No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 AaBb( AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( Title are affected, and which falls upon them in addition to all the disasters that are the common lot. A special cloud always threatens the home of the worker in dangerous trades.... (I)t is not just that those whose lot falls in this part of the work should endure not only all the physical torture that comes with injury, but also almost the entire economic loss which inevitably follows it."125 Eastman's answer to the question of blame for accidents differed from the prevailing views. At that time, employers commonly believed that around 95 percent of all accidents were due to workers' carelessness. Eastman challenged this conviction with figures showing that, of the 377 accidents covered in the Survey for which fault could be determined, 113, or 30 percent, of them were solely the employers' fault. Further, at most, only 44 percent could be even partially blamed on the victim or fellow workmen.126 Shifting the statistical focus somewhat, Eastman made a strong case that even those accidents due to "carelessness" were not very clear cut. Of the 132 deaths which were found to be the victim's fault, 47 involved very young or inexperienced workers, or those with physical conditions that made them vulnerable. That left 85 experienced, able-bodied victims of "carelessness": "For the heedless ones, no defense is made. For the inattentive we maintain that human powers of attention, universally limited, are in their case further limited by the conditions under which the work is done long hours, heat, noise, intense speed. For the reckless ones we maintain that natural inclination is in their case encouraged and inevitably increased by an occupation involving constant risk." - Regarding the workman who was reckless, not on impulse but in a deliberate effort to cut corners, Eastman wrote in their defense: "If a hundred times a day a man is required to take necessary risks, it is not in reason to expect him to stop there and never take an unnecessary risk. Extreme caution is as unprofessional among the men in dangerous trades as fear would be in a soldier."127 Advances in technology and plant construction continued to improve conditions, but also many companies began to look at accidents as a problem to be solved, not simply an acceptable cost of doing business, and voluntarily instituted their own safety and health programs. Workers' compensation, Page 3 of 4 1864 words English (United States) Focus Comments Editing Share > Styles Pane Dictate Sensitivity Editor 34 + 151% AutoSave OFF W= Labor Investigations Revolution (9) Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Mailings Review View Tell me Calibri (Bo... 12 ' Aa [ AaBbCcDdEe Paste B I U ab x, A A Normal Comments Editing Share AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( > No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Dictate Sensitivity Editor Pane IIIS, STTIPivST --vITT SII II vTi - PIIt I IT vvIIT carelessness. Eastman challenged this conviction with figures showing that, of the 377 accidents covered in the Survey for which fault could be determined, 113, or 30 percent, of them were solely the employers' fault. Further, at most, only 44 percent could be even partially blamed on the victim or fellow workmen.126 Shifting the statistical focus somewhat, Eastman made a strong case that even those accidents due to "carelessness" were not very clear cut. Of the 132 deaths which were found to be the victim's fault, 47 involved very young or inexperienced workers, or those with physical conditions that made them vulnerable. That left 85 experienced, able-bodied victims of "carelessness": "For the heedless ones, no defense is made. For the inattentive we maintain that human powers of attention, universally limited, are in their case further limited by the conditions under which the work is done - long hours, heat, noise, intense speed. For the reckless ones we maintain that natural inclination is in their case encouraged and inevitably increased by an occupation involving constant risk." Regarding the workman who was reckless, not on impulse but in a deliberate effort to cut corners, Eastman wrote in their defense: "If a hundred times a day a man is required to take necessary risks, it is not in reason to expect him to stop there and never take an unnecessary risk. Extreme caution is as unprofessional among the men in dangerous trades as fear would be in a soldier."127 Advances in technology and plant construction continued to improve conditions, but also many companies began to look at accidents as a problem to be solved, not simply an acceptable cost of doing business, and voluntarily instituted their own safety and health programs. Workers' compensation, already established in Europe, was widely adopted in this country, in large part as a preventive measure. Many states adopted administrative rule making, another European idea, to get around the difficulty they had in maintaining up-to-date factory laws in the face of changing industrial conditions. Many states established industrial commissions which administered one or both of these programs. At times, industry assisted the public program. These, in turn, gave a powerful boost to the voluntary private movement to reduce accidents. Page 3 of 4 1864 words English (United States) Focus 34 + 151% AutoSave OFF Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Calibri (Bo... 24 ' Aa Paste B I U ab x, A Page 1 of 2 119 words W= Prediction Worksheet Revolution (11) Saved to my Mac Mailings Review View Tell me Comments Editing Share T AaBbCcDdEe Normal AaBbCcDdEe No Spacing AaBbCcDc AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( > Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Pane Dictate Sensitivity Editor Labor and the Industrial Revolution Part A: Original Prediction Did the Industrial Revolution improve life for the average worker? Why do you think this: Part B: Revising Prediction After Data Analysis Did the Industrial Revolution improve life for the average worker? After Reading Did the Industrial Revolution improve life for the average worker? What data from the activity supports why you believe this? What evidence from the reading supports why you believe this? English (United States) 2 Focus E = + 151% AutoSave OFF W= Prediction Worksheet Revolution (11) ~ Home Insert Draw Design Layout References Mailings Review View Tell me Comments Editing Share Calibri (Bo... 12 ' Aa [ AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcDc AaBbCcDdEe AaBb( > Paste B I U ab x, A Normal No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Styles Pane Dictate Sensitivity Editor Part C: Confirming Prediction Did the Industrial Revolution improve life for the average worker? G Page 1 of 2 87 words English (United States) Focus + 151%