BUD Sometimes additional probes help follow up on leads found in a speech sample (see Informal Assessments on the companion website). Informal probes also can serve as treatment pre- and posttests (See Chapter 21, "The Daily Researcher"). The present exercise describes the speech of Tess, a 4-year, 4-month bilingual child wollot fall (English and Korean) with speech delays in both languages (Kim, 1995). Tess' mother ad reports a normal prenatal and birth history, but that Tess did not say her first words until 2 years. Tess is an only child and lives in an extended family household in which Korean is the primary language. Tess' exposure to English is primarily through her preschool. A hearing evaluation indicates hearing within normal limits. Speech Sample desrid nowenA Intended Words Tess' Words 1. popcorn pata 2. cannot taena 3. cat tae-taet 4. coffee tapi 5. cookie toti 6. Cookie Monster tuti monta 7. cow tau 8. crab dawaeb~tu.ae 9. clown taun 10. because bita 11. broken boti.En 12. doctor dokta 13. grandma daenama~daema 14. sticker tita 15. skate pert 16. chicken titem 17. homework homwo 18. look jut 19. okay outer230 Questions 1. Which phonological process most frequently affects less pronunciation of [k] and Igl? List one affected word. 2. What is the name of the phonological process that affects [f] in coffee? 3. What phonological process affects in look? 4. Notice that the speech sample does not contain a word beginning with [k] followed by a high back vowel. Because both [k] and high back vowels occur in the velar area, suppose you decide to test whether [k] followed by high back vowel might make it easier for Tess to pronounce [k]. List three words you could use to test your hypothesis. Answer Sheet 1. Phonological process: 2. Phonological process: 3. Phonological process: 4. Possible words: igal ablood WOD out- desweb awale seusood OFBy their third year of life, many children pronounce stops, nasals, and glides correctly in isolated words, although errors may still occur in consonant clusters, longer words, and sentences. Children in their third year may continue to have difficulties pronouncing certain fricatives and liquids in all contexts. This exercise shows a phonological process of a 3-year, 6-month-old child named Rikki (Izuka, 1995). Speech Sample Intended Words Rikki's Words died vern 1. crab Mehomeulo in kwaebondto pi ton fad chief bon jal drew me! Webmaro2 10 2. crayon 3. clown wow Brit kwaon 4. clock kolak 5 fif esoobong idlist notle ni groteulo uonung 5. bridge bwid3 was silanon 6. broom sons bwum nuonong or 7. drum fei ( dawAm openconta swere s onlyspy aimsnet 8. grass graes 9. glass glaes~galaes manners andwe tilt 10. french fries twentf fwarzine 11. frog now gailg fwag listtal ord 12. flag fwag 13. strawberry Strobewi 14. string Strin 15. sled sled Feedannawans 16. choo choo train tfutfu tfwer mesgong Isofuolonod 17. radio weidi.ou 18. rose WOUS 19. rain wein 20. rocket ship wakin Sip 21. rope woop anemowyns Qhonor 22. lamp laemp 23. lemon lemin 24. letter lErI 25. lion lain 26. lettuce lEris 27. leaf lif 28. lunch lAntsQuestions 1. What phonological process affects the greatest number of words beginning with [ and [r]? 2. Another phonological process affects Rikki's pronunciation of consonant clusters in words #4 and #9. What is the name of that phonological process? 3. The phonological process affecting [r] has exceptions. In which phonetic environ- ment (next to a vowel or in consonant clusters) is Rikki more likely to pronounce [r] correctly? 4. List words in which Rikki pronounces [r] correctly. 5. It seems somewhat surprising that Rikki pronounced [r] correctly in consonant clus- ters with [g] and [st], but not in other consonant clusters. Although it may be that [g] and [st] are key environments for Rikki (see Chapter 17, "Treatment Sounds"), another possibility is that more complete sampling would reveal other consonant clusters in which Rikki produces [r] correctly. To test these hypotheses, list three words you could use to determine if Rikki can pronounce [r] in [kr] consonant clusters. 6. The phonological process affecting [1] also has exceptions. In which phonetic envi- ronment (next to a vowel or in consonant clusters) is Rikki more likely to pronounce correctly? 7. In which consonant clusters does Rikki pronounce [1] correctly? 8. As with [r], although it may be that [gl] and [si] are facilitating contexts for Rikki, another possibility is that more complete sampling would reveal other consonant clusters in which Rikki produces [1]. Illustrate the latter hypothesis by listing three words you could use to determine if Rikki can pronounce [1] in [fl] consonant clusters