Business Research and the Scientific Method Scientific Method The scientific method is an organzied way for a business manager (or anyone) to answer a (business) question or solve a (business) problem. There are usually six steps associated with the scientific method: 1. Purpose/Business Question - What do you want learn? For example, \"How can I improve my sales revenue?\Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease BodyControl. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The data yielded a sample mean of 16.8 cigarettes and a standard deviation of 4.7 cigarettes. Is there sufficient evidence at the alpha=0.1 level of significance to conclude that the retired adults who are daily smokers smoke less than the general population of daily smokers? (As I said, you do not need to collect any data, so don't need these sentences. All I want you to do is define the hypothesis and experiment and how you would collect the data.) Solution. Hypothesis First: We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u<18.1 We realised that seriously this was a left tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. (Since you already talked about how you would collect the data, you are all set. You don't need anything below. You can delete it.) Second: Given the level of significance as alpha=0.1 The sample mean is x bar=16.8 and the sample standard deviation is s=4.7 The test statistic is given by: to= (xbar-uo)/s*square root of n = (16.8-18.1)/(4.7/square root of 40) = -1.749 Thirdly Since it is a left tailed test, we determine the critical t value at the alpha=0.1 level of significance. With n-1=40-1=39 degrees of freedom to be -to.1=-1.304 Lastly Since the test statistic to=-1.749 is less than the critical value -to.1=-1.304, we reject the null hypothesis. We thus conclude that there is sufficient evidence that retired adults smoke less than the general population of the daily smokers at the alpha=0.1 level of significance Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease Control. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The methodology I used the questionaires to collect my data. Hypothesis The Null hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is equal to the general daily smokers. The Alternative Hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is greater than than that of the general public. We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u<18.1 We realised that seriously this was a left tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease Control. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The methodology I used the questionaires to collect my data. Hypothesis The Null hypothesis To find out if the number of daily retired adult smokers is equal to the general daily smokers. The Alternative Hypothesis To find out if the number of daily retired adult smokers is greater than than that of the general public. We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u< >18.1 (Look at your statement of the alternative hypothesis above. You said greater than, which makes more sense than your less than here.) We realised that seriously this was a left right tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. (Since you are going to sample 40 retired adults, your degrees of freedom is n-1, or 39 degrees of freedom. Your crtical t value tc = 2.426.) Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease Control. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The methodology I used the questionnaires to collect my data. Hypothesis The Null hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is equal to the general daily smokers. The Alternative Hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is greater than than that of the general public. We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u>18. We realised that seriously this was a right tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. My sample was 40 retired adults so my degrees of freedom=n-1 =40-1=39 degrees of freedom My critical t value= 2.426 Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease BodyControl. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The data yielded a sample mean of 16.8 cigarettes and a standard deviation of 4.7 cigarettes. Is there sufficient evidence at the alpha=0.1 level of significance to conclude that the retired adults who are daily smokers smoke less than the general population of daily smokers? (As I said, you do not need to collect any data, so don't need these sentences. All I want you to do is define the hypothesis and experiment and how you would collect the data.) Solution. Hypothesis First: We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u<18.1 We realised that seriously this was a left tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. (Since you already talked about how you would collect the data, you are all set. You don't need anything below. You can delete it.) Second: Given the level of significance as alpha=0.1 The sample mean is x bar=16.8 and the sample standard deviation is s=4.7 The test statistic is given by: to= (xbar-uo)/s*square root of n = (16.8-18.1)/(4.7/square root of 40) = -1.749 Thirdly Since it is a left tailed test, we determine the critical t value at the alpha=0.1 level of significance. With n-1=40-1=39 degrees of freedom to be -to.1=-1.304 Lastly Since the test statistic to=-1.749 is less than the critical value -to.1=-1.304, we reject the null hypothesis. We thus conclude that there is sufficient evidence that retired adults smoke less than the general population of the daily smokers at the alpha=0.1 level of significance Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease Control. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The methodology I used the questionaires to collect my data. Hypothesis The Null hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is equal to the general daily smokers. The Alternative Hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is greater than than that of the general public. We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u<18.1 We realised that seriously this was a left tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease Control. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The methodology I used the questionaires to collect my data. Hypothesis The Null hypothesis To find out if the number of daily retired adult smokers is equal to the general daily smokers. The Alternative Hypothesis To find out if the number of daily retired adult smokers is greater than than that of the general public. We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u< >18.1 (Look at your statement of the alternative hypothesis above. You said greater than, which makes more sense than your less than here.) We realised that seriously this was a left right tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. (Since you are going to sample 40 retired adults, your degrees of freedom is n-1, or 39 degrees of freedom. Your crtical t value tc = 2.426.) Background to Study What is the number of cigarette smokers do so per day? According to this, a research was carried out to find out the number of daily smokers especially adult smokers. Cigarette smoking has been on the rise According to the Centres for Disease Control. The statistics are alarming actually and thus attracted a research to find out the number of people that smoke on daily basis, especially the adults. A random sample has been carried out in California to establish the number of daily smokers that are adults. This would enable the cigarette producing companies use the facts to know and improve the production rate. This study also shall enable the government to carry out several advertisements on the control of cigarette smoking among the population. Problem Statement/Need for the study Due to the high and increased number of daily smokers, the research shall be viable since the industry needs this information to act accordingly. There is also high need by the government since the study shall provide the required analysis to know how to control cigarette smoking in the country. Objectives 1. To provide an analysis on the number of daily cigarette smokers to both the industry and the government to act accordingly. 2. To help publish a report on the increased number of daily smokers in the country especially the adults. 3. To determine also if retired adults smoke less than the general population. 4. To use the mean number of cigarettes smoked daily to determine the number of daily smokers per day. Methodology We shall use the t-test statistic as shown below. From the research carried out by the Centres of disease control, the current average number of cigarettes smoked daily by the people who smoke daily is 18.1 We would like to find out if retired adults smoke less than the general public of those who smoke daily, so we obtained a random sample of 40 retired adults who are current smokers and also listed the number of cigarettes smoked on a randomly selected day. The methodology I used the questionnaires to collect my data. Hypothesis The Null hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is equal to the general daily smokers. The Alternative Hypothesis To find out if the number of daily smokers is greater than than that of the general public. We start by getting to understand the study question. We would like to know if retired adults smoke less than the general population. So since the number of cigarettes smoked per person per day is 18.1 then H0:u =18.1 H1:u>18. We realised that seriously this was a right tailed test. We will use the t-test and choose a level of significance = .01. The critical value will be dependent on the number of degrees of freedom. My sample was 40 retired adults so my degrees of freedom=n-1 =40-1=39 degrees of freedom My critical t value= 2.426