Case Study 5 SECURED SHORT-TERM FINANCING LAVELY CLOTHING COMPANY After rapid business growth in recent years, the Lavely Clothing Company in January has experienced a shortage of cash and has found it necessary to increase its long-term 2007 anticipated further substantial increases in sales. Despite good profits, the company debt from the Benchmark Community Bank to $520,000 in January 2007. Lately, Tom Hicks, the founder and chief executive officer of the company, has been somewhat concerned about his firm's ability to raise the required amount of capital to finance future growth in sales. While Mr. Hicks has been treated as a preferred customer of the Benchmark Community Bank, Debra Brandon, vice president and loan officer at the bank, showed some signs of considerable displeasure at their recent meeting. The Lavely Clothing Company, located in Richmond, is a manufacturer of sportswear and swimsuits for men, women, and juniors. The company was incorporated in 1987, but until 2004 Mr. Hicks purposely restricted his sales to the Richmond area. During the past few years, however, he did notice a decided increase in his sales volume. From 2004 on , the company's sales grew rapidly and Mr. Hicks found it hard to expand the com- pany fast enough to keep up with demand. The company has now about 720 customers depart- ment stores and specialty shops) throughout the southeastern United States. Reginald Dunnavant, the newly appointed vice president of finance, has been pondering the short-term financial problems of the company. Before Mr. Dunnavant took the job, he knew that his predecessor had been fired for inept working capital management. In order to better understand this alleged ineptness, he decided to analyze the financial data listed in Exhibits 1 and 2. Mr. Dunnavant has noted that the company's net sales and earnings after taxes have increased rapidly since 2004. This growth has been accompanied by comparable in- creases in assets and liabilities. He found that, while earnings rates have continued to improve , they were below industry standards for returns on investment and net sales . Furthermore, he observed that the company's return on owners' equity has been higher than the industry norm in 2007 simply because its debt ratio has increased steadily and has been consistently higher than the industry average. has dropped considerably to well below the industry average. Second, bad debt losses Mr. Dunnavant was stunned by a number of additional findings. First, the current ratio have expanded to four or five times the industry average. Third, the average collection period has been more than twice the industry standard. Fourth, while the dividend as a percent of earnings after taxes has declined somewhat during recent years, it has been approximately two times as much as the industry norm. Fifth, the company received a 401 402 PART 3: CASE STUDIES notice from the Benchmark Community Bank which stated that the loan would be de clared due and immediately payable unless the current ratio of 1.76 was not improved Benchmark Community Bank had raised the interest rate on the loan in 2006 and 2007 Dunnavant's predecessor had received a less severe notice one year earlier. Finally, the to meet the industry average of 2.00 within two months. The bank's notice indicated that mainly due to the company's request for increases in the loan and its declining liquidity. Exhibit 1 Lavely Clothing Company Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2004 to 2007 (in thousands of dollars) 2004 2005 2007 $ 237 $ 303 1072 $ 261 1,185 Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Current assets Plant and equipment (net) Total assets 2006 $ 240 1,266 1,518 $ 2,824 801 $ 3,525 1,586 1.859 $ 3,506 1,247 1,313 $ 2,422 $ 2,535 649 705 $ 2,971 $3,140 928 $ 4,334 1,100 878 Accounts payable $ 700 $ 830 $ 994 $ 1,368 Accruals 431 468 604 768 Current liabilities $ 1,031 $ 1,198 $ 1,498 $ 2,036 Long-term bank loan? 381 362 415 620 Common stock 1,100 1,100 1,100 Retained earnings 759 780 812 Total liabilities and 100 100 100 100 owners' equity $ 2,971 $ 3,140 $ 3,525 $ 4,334 The inventory consists of 10 percent raw materials, 80 percent work in process, and 10 percent finished goods. 2 The long-term bank loan at an interest cost equal to the prime rate, plus 1 percent (20042005); 1.5 percent (2006); and 3 percent (2007). Insiders control about 40 percent of common stock. Mr. Dunnavant has been informed by Mr. Hicks that the company will continue its plan for future sales growth and that it will not reduce its dividend payout ratio below 7V meet the bank's mandate of increasing the current ratio, (2) simultaneously lower the percent. Of course, he knows exactly what Mr. Hicks has asked him to do: (1) quickly average collection period and the debt ratio, and (3) drastically reduce the amount of mon stock issues at this time, he has proposed three alternatives for the consideration of As Mr. Dunnavant suspects that stockholders would not approve new preferred or com bad debt losses. Case Study 5: Secured Short-Term Financing 403 Lavely Clothing's directors. The first alternative calls for a reduction in current liabilities through increases in the outstanding long-term bank loan, the latter possibly secured by inventory. The second alternative calls for the pledging of accounts receivable with premium. In this regard, he notes that the prime rate is currently 12 percent. In addition, a major finance company at an interest cost equal to the prime rate, plus a 3 percent the company would be responsible for any bad debt losses. The third alternative calls for the factoring of accounts receivable at a commission rate of 2 percent of net sales and an interest cost equal to the prime rate, plus a 2.5 percent premium on advances before the receivables' average due date. Exhibit 2 Lavely Clothing Company Other Financial Data as of December 31, 2004 to 2007 2004 2006 $ 4,579 $144 90.5% 2005 $5,071 $ 166 87.3% $5,797 $ 207 84.5% Industry 2007 Average $6,896 NA $ 259 NA 74.5% 40.0% Net sales" ($000) Earnings after taxes ($000) Dividend as percent of earnings after taxes Current ratio Average collection period Debt ratio 2.49 2.22 1.95 1.76 2.00 77 days 78 days 73 days 79 days 35 days 42% 45% 58% 40% 1.5% 2.5% 4.0% 5.0% 1.0% 50% Bad debt losses at percent of gross sales 7.0% Return on investment 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% 6.1% (percent) Return on owners' equity 8.7% 9.9% 12.1% 14.6% Return on net sales? (percent) 3.2% 3.3% 3.6% 3.8% All sales on credit whose terms are equal to the industry average. The operating costs of the company's credit department are 2 percent of net sales. 12.5% 4.5% receivable) to the company? 1. What is the effective interest cost of the second alternative (pledging of accounts QUESTIONS 2. What is the effective interest cost of the third alternative (factoring of accounts 3. If all accounts receivable were factored and these funds were used to pay off current liabilities, what would have been the effect on the current ratio, and receivable) to the company? the debt ratio for 2007? Enter Case Study 5 SECURED SHORT-TERM FINANCING LAVELY CLOTHING COMPANY After rapid business growth in recent years, the Lavely Clothing Company in January has experienced a shortage of cash and has found it necessary to increase its long-term 2007 anticipated further substantial increases in sales. Despite good profits, the company debt from the Benchmark Community Bank to $520,000 in January 2007. Lately, Tom Hicks, the founder and chief executive officer of the company, has been somewhat concerned about his firm's ability to raise the required amount of capital to finance future growth in sales. While Mr. Hicks has been treated as a preferred customer of the Benchmark Community Bank, Debra Brandon, vice president and loan officer at the bank, showed some signs of considerable displeasure at their recent meeting. The Lavely Clothing Company, located in Richmond, is a manufacturer of sportswear and swimsuits for men, women, and juniors. The company was incorporated in 1987, but until 2004 Mr. Hicks purposely restricted his sales to the Richmond area. During the past few years, however, he did notice a decided increase in his sales volume. From 2004 on , the company's sales grew rapidly and Mr. Hicks found it hard to expand the com- pany fast enough to keep up with demand. The company has now about 720 customers depart- ment stores and specialty shops) throughout the southeastern United States. Reginald Dunnavant, the newly appointed vice president of finance, has been pondering the short-term financial problems of the company. Before Mr. Dunnavant took the job, he knew that his predecessor had been fired for inept working capital management. In order to better understand this alleged ineptness, he decided to analyze the financial data listed in Exhibits 1 and 2. Mr. Dunnavant has noted that the company's net sales and earnings after taxes have increased rapidly since 2004. This growth has been accompanied by comparable in- creases in assets and liabilities. He found that, while earnings rates have continued to improve , they were below industry standards for returns on investment and net sales . Furthermore, he observed that the company's return on owners' equity has been higher than the industry norm in 2007 simply because its debt ratio has increased steadily and has been consistently higher than the industry average. has dropped considerably to well below the industry average. Second, bad debt losses Mr. Dunnavant was stunned by a number of additional findings. First, the current ratio have expanded to four or five times the industry average. Third, the average collection period has been more than twice the industry standard. Fourth, while the dividend as a percent of earnings after taxes has declined somewhat during recent years, it has been approximately two times as much as the industry norm. Fifth, the company received a 401 402 PART 3: CASE STUDIES notice from the Benchmark Community Bank which stated that the loan would be de clared due and immediately payable unless the current ratio of 1.76 was not improved Benchmark Community Bank had raised the interest rate on the loan in 2006 and 2007 Dunnavant's predecessor had received a less severe notice one year earlier. Finally, the to meet the industry average of 2.00 within two months. The bank's notice indicated that mainly due to the company's request for increases in the loan and its declining liquidity. Exhibit 1 Lavely Clothing Company Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2004 to 2007 (in thousands of dollars) 2004 2005 2007 $ 237 $ 303 1072 $ 261 1,185 Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Current assets Plant and equipment (net) Total assets 2006 $ 240 1,266 1,518 $ 2,824 801 $ 3,525 1,586 1.859 $ 3,506 1,247 1,313 $ 2,422 $ 2,535 649 705 $ 2,971 $3,140 928 $ 4,334 1,100 878 Accounts payable $ 700 $ 830 $ 994 $ 1,368 Accruals 431 468 604 768 Current liabilities $ 1,031 $ 1,198 $ 1,498 $ 2,036 Long-term bank loan? 381 362 415 620 Common stock 1,100 1,100 1,100 Retained earnings 759 780 812 Total liabilities and 100 100 100 100 owners' equity $ 2,971 $ 3,140 $ 3,525 $ 4,334 The inventory consists of 10 percent raw materials, 80 percent work in process, and 10 percent finished goods. 2 The long-term bank loan at an interest cost equal to the prime rate, plus 1 percent (20042005); 1.5 percent (2006); and 3 percent (2007). Insiders control about 40 percent of common stock. Mr. Dunnavant has been informed by Mr. Hicks that the company will continue its plan for future sales growth and that it will not reduce its dividend payout ratio below 7V meet the bank's mandate of increasing the current ratio, (2) simultaneously lower the percent. Of course, he knows exactly what Mr. Hicks has asked him to do: (1) quickly average collection period and the debt ratio, and (3) drastically reduce the amount of mon stock issues at this time, he has proposed three alternatives for the consideration of As Mr. Dunnavant suspects that stockholders would not approve new preferred or com bad debt losses. Case Study 5: Secured Short-Term Financing 403 Lavely Clothing's directors. The first alternative calls for a reduction in current liabilities through increases in the outstanding long-term bank loan, the latter possibly secured by inventory. The second alternative calls for the pledging of accounts receivable with premium. In this regard, he notes that the prime rate is currently 12 percent. In addition, a major finance company at an interest cost equal to the prime rate, plus a 3 percent the company would be responsible for any bad debt losses. The third alternative calls for the factoring of accounts receivable at a commission rate of 2 percent of net sales and an interest cost equal to the prime rate, plus a 2.5 percent premium on advances before the receivables' average due date. Exhibit 2 Lavely Clothing Company Other Financial Data as of December 31, 2004 to 2007 2004 2006 $ 4,579 $144 90.5% 2005 $5,071 $ 166 87.3% $5,797 $ 207 84.5% Industry 2007 Average $6,896 NA $ 259 NA 74.5% 40.0% Net sales" ($000) Earnings after taxes ($000) Dividend as percent of earnings after taxes Current ratio Average collection period Debt ratio 2.49 2.22 1.95 1.76 2.00 77 days 78 days 73 days 79 days 35 days 42% 45% 58% 40% 1.5% 2.5% 4.0% 5.0% 1.0% 50% Bad debt losses at percent of gross sales 7.0% Return on investment 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% 6.1% (percent) Return on owners' equity 8.7% 9.9% 12.1% 14.6% Return on net sales? (percent) 3.2% 3.3% 3.6% 3.8% All sales on credit whose terms are equal to the industry average. The operating costs of the company's credit department are 2 percent of net sales. 12.5% 4.5% receivable) to the company? 1. What is the effective interest cost of the second alternative (pledging of accounts QUESTIONS 2. What is the effective interest cost of the third alternative (factoring of accounts 3. If all accounts receivable were factored and these funds were used to pay off current liabilities, what would have been the effect on the current ratio, and receivable) to the company? the debt ratio for 2007? Enter