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Cloud applications should be designed to run on multiple distributed systems. Advanced programming concepts must be well understood and applied whenever possible. Unfortunately, this means that many systems may have to be refactored because they were not designed to take advantage of the cloud real potential, even though they may eventually be able to run on clouds by using virtualisation, for example.

An idempotente method is a method that can be executed several times and always will provide the same outcome without affecting anything else on the system. In other words, after the method call all variables will have the same value as they did before. The method "factorialCalculator" below is idempotente.

public class FinalExam {

private int number;

private int factorial = 1;

public void setNumber (int number) {

this.number = number;

}

public inf factorialCalculator() {

for (int i = 1; i <= number; i++) {

factorial = factorial * i;

}

}

}

Parallelism is a type of computation where several processes can be executed simultaneously. Most distributed cloud environments allow the usage of parallel resources. However, as statelessness and idempotence, the usage of parallel resources may require the development of tailored code, especially designed to carry out several operations simultaneously. Parallel algorithms may also require knowledge of the underlying hardware architecture.

Atomicity is important to enable applications to take advantages of certain cloud characteristics such as flexibility. Atomic operations eliminate unnecessary dependencies, making classes and methods self-contained and order-independent. Atomicity also enable scalability. The code below shows an example of atomicity:

public class FinalExam {

private int number;

private int factorial = 1;

public void setNumber (int number) {

this.number = number;

}

public inf factorialCalculator() {

for (int i = 1; i <= number; i++) {

factorial = factorial * i;

}

}

}