Compose an argument to break this Roman will ["wills"].

This is the Roman will:

Roman citizens throughout the Empire had to draw their wills in Latin to conform to Roman law. In the third century, after Caracalla's grant had made practically all the inhabitants of the Empire Roman citizens (see 113), the people of the provinces were given the right to draw Roman wills in Greek.

CIL, Vol. XIII, No. 5,708 (= Dessau, No. 8,379 = FIRA, Vol. III, No. 49)

[Langres, France, early second century]

.. the chapel which I built to my memory I desire to be completed according to the plan I left, as follows: there is to be an exedra in this place, in which my statue, not less than five feet high and in a sitting position, is to be erected of the finest imported marble or of the best tablet-quality bronze. At the foot of the exedra a couch and a bench on either side are to be made of imported stone. The covering to be spread there on those days on which the chapel to my memory is opened is to consist of two counterpanes and two pairs of pillows such as are used at banquets, as well as two woolen robes and a tunic. Before this building. an altar is to be erected of the finest Luna stone 130 with the finest possible sculptured decoration, and in it my bones are to repose. And this building is to be closed with Luna stone, in such a way that it can be easily opened and shut again. This building and the [aforementioned] orchards and ponds are to be cared for under the supervision of my freedmen Philadelphus and Verus, and money shall be provided for rebuilding and repairing if any of these becomes spoiled or destroyed; they are to be cared for by three

landscape gardeners and their apprentices, and it one or more of them die or are removed, another or others are to be substituted in their place; each of the three is to receive sixty modi of wheat annually and thirty denari for clothing. Furthermore, my nephew Aquila and his heirs must singly and collectively provide these things.

And there shall be inscribed on the outside of the building the names of the magistrates in whose term of office this building was begun, and how many years I lived. If ever any other man or woman is cremated, entombed, buried (?], interred, or deposited [?] in these orchards . .. or closer to these orchards than 1,000 [?] feet, or if anyone does anything

contrary to waars wanen above myherr and nis neirs ... shall be bound to see to it that all this is so done and not otherwise. Further, this regulation is established for this burial place in perpetuity, and no one after me is to have title or right to these burial places except to take proper care, or to plant or complete. Those who come to this building

care for shall have right of access on foot, by vehicle, or by litter [?]. . . . If anyone is cremated or buried [?], or if a monument is erected, or if bones are brought in . . . in these orchards and burial places and their enclosures as I have written above, then Sextus Julius Aquila son of Sextus Julius Aquilinus, and his heir or heirs, mentioned above, shall-it it is within their power to prevent it from being done or to take opposing action, or if they do not see to it that everything is kept by their heir or heirs as above stipulated be condemned to pay 100,000 sesterces to the public treasury(?] of the Lingones. This penalty is to apply to all owners of this property in perpetuity.

Further, all my freedmen and freedwomen, both those whom I manumitted while still alive and those whom I manumit by this testa-

ment, are to make an annual contribution of . . . each, and my nephew Aquila and his heirs are to provide annually the sum of . . . with which they are to prepare food and drink to be offered in sacrifice below, in front of the chapel, to my memory at Litavicrar; 131 and they are to consume it there and to remain there until they use up the whole sum.

For this ceremony they shall name from among themselves, by turns, caretakers who will hold this ceremony each year and who will have the

right to demand the said sum or monew. entrust the care of this to Priscus, Phoebus, Philadelphus, and Verus.

The caretakers thus named shall perform the sacrifice at the above-mentioned altar annually on the first day of April, May, June, July, August, and October.

Further, I entrust the care of my funeral and obsequies and of all my property, buildings, and monuments to my nephew Sextus Julius Aquila and to Macrinus son of Reginus and to Sabinus son of Dumnedorix 13: and to Priscus my freedman and bailiff, and I request them to take care of all these things

s. and to pass upon the proper pertormance of the things

I ordered done alter my death.

rther, I desire all the equipi ment which I acquired for hunting and fowling to be cremated with me 13 including lances, swords, hunting knives, nets, snares, toils, lime twigs, tents, scarecrows, bathing utensils, litters, sedan chair, and all medicines and equipment of that science, and the rush-work Liburnian boat-nothing of these is to be omitted; alsc

whatever damasks and embroideries leave behind. and all the stars from the elk horns.

... [The rest is lost.]

Etudes de Papyrologie, VI (1940), 1-20 = FIRA, Vol. III, No. 47)

[Alexandria, Egypt, A.D. 142]

Antonius Silvanus, cavalryman of the First Mauretanian Company of Thracians, prefect's orderly, of the squadron of Valerius, made this

ast will and testament.

My son, Marcus Antonius Satrianus [?], shall be the sole heir of all my military and household possessions, and all other persons are hereby disinherited. He shall formally enter upon the inheritance within the first hundred days; if he does not so enter, he shall be disinherited. Then in second place my brother . . . Antonius R . . . shall be my heir, and he shall formally enter upon the inheritance within the next sixty days;

it he does not become my heir, I give and bequeath to him 750 silve denari.

I name Hierax son of Behex, duplicarius,134 of the same company, of the squadron of Aebutius, trustee of my military estate to collect and

deliver my property to Antonia I hermutha, mother of my heir above-named, 135 so that she may conserve it until my son and heir has come of age and can then receive it from her. To Hierax I give and bequeath 50 280

SOCIETY AND CULTURE

silver denarii. To Antonia Thermutha, mother or my heir above-named, I give and bequeath goo silver denaru. To my pretect I give and bequeath so silver denarn. As for my slave Cronio, after my death, it he has performed all his duties properly and has turned over everything to my best above-named or to my trustee, then I desire him to be free, and I desire the five-percent manumission tax to be paid for him out of my estate.

Let no malice aforethought attend this last will and testament! For the purpose of making this will, Demonius, duplicarius, of the squadron of Marius, purchased the household and chattels; Marcus jullus fibert-nus, sesquiplicarius, of the squadron of Valerius, acted as scales-holder; and Turbinius, standard-bearer of the squadron of Proculus, acted as witness.

Last will and testament made at Alexandria on the coast of Egypt, in the imperial winter camp of Legion I rajana Fortis and the Maure-tanian Company, March 27 in the consulship of Rutinus and Quadratus.

1, the aforesaid Antonius Silvanus, verified the foregoing last will and testament of mine, and it was read aloud and I am satished with it as it stands. 8

[Witnesses] I, Nemonius . . . , duplicarius, of the squadron of Marius,

have affixed my seal.

[Seal of] Julius Tiberinus, sesquiplicarius, of the squadron of

Valerias.

[Seal of] Turbinius, cavalryman and standard-bearer of the squadron of Proculus.

[Seal of] Valerius . . Rufus, cavalryman and standard-bearer

of the squadron of. . . .

1, Maximus, duplicarius . . . have attixed my seal.

One signature illegiole.,

I, Antonius Sianus, have affixed my seal. Berlin Papyrus No. 326 (= Select Papyri, Vol. L, No. 85 = FLRA,

Vol. ILL, No. 50)

Adapted from LCL

[Caranis, Egypt, A.D. 191] 188

[Greek] translation of will. Gaius Longinus Castor, veteran honorably discharged from the praetorian fleet of Misenum, made this will. I direct that my slave Marcella, over thirty years of age, and my slave Cleopatra, over thirty years of age, shall be freed, and they shall each in equal portion be my heirs. Al others shall be disinherited. They shall enter upon the inheritance, each on her own portion, as soon as each thinks proper to attest that she is my heir, and it shall not be lawful to sell or mortgage it. But if the aforesaid Marcella suffers the lot of human kind, then I wish her portion of the inheritance to go to Sarapio and Socrates and Longus. Similarly, in the case of Cleopatra, I wish her portion to go to _ilus. Whoever becomes my heir shall be obligated to give, pertorm, and provide all that is written in this my will, and l entrust to him the faithful execution thereof. My slave Sarapias, daughter of my freedwoman Cleopatra, shall be freed, and I give and bequeath to her five arouras of grain land which I own in the vicinity of the village of Caranis in a locality called Ostrich, likewise one and one quarter arouras of a ravine, likewise one third portion of my house and the third portion of the same which I bought formerly from Prapetheus mother of _haseus, likewise one third portion of a palm grove which I own close to the canal called the Old Canal. I wish my body to be carried out and dressed for burial through the care and piety of my heirs. It I leave any later provision written by my hand in any manner whatsoever, _ wish it to be valid. Let no malice forethought attend this will!

On the making of this will Julius Petronianus purchased the household and chattels for I sesterce; Gaius Lucretius Saturnilus acted as scales-holder (acknowledged); and Marcus Sempronius Heraclianus acted as witness (acknowledged).1*1

This will was made in the village of Caranis in the Arsinoite nome on November 17 in the consulship of the two Silani, in the thirtieth year of the Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius CommoDUS Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus Sarmaticus Germanicus, Ha thyr 21. If I leave any further document written by my hand, & wish it to be valid.

Opened and read in the Arsinoite metropolis in the Augustan Forum in the office of the five-percent tax on inheritances and manumissions on February 21 in the consulship of the present consuls, in the second year of the Emperor Caesar Lucius SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS Pertinax Augustus, Mecheir 27 [A.D. 194]. The remaining sealers: 142 Gaius Longinus Acylas (acknowledged); Julius Bolyssius; Marcus Antistius Petronianus; Julius

Gemellus, veteran.

Translation of the codicillary tablets. I, Gaius Longinus Castor, veteran honorably discharged from the praetorian fleet of Misenum, have made a codicil. I have appointed Marcus Sempronius Heraclianus, my respected friend, trustee to act on his own good faith. To my kinsman Julius Serenus I give and bequeath 4,000 sesterces. Written in my own hand on February 7. Sealed by Longinus Acylas and Valerius Pris-cus. Sealers: Gaius Longinus Acylas (acknowledged) ; Julius Philoxenus;

Gaius Lucretius Saturnilus (acknowledged); Gaius Longinus Castor;

Julius Gemellus, veteran. Opened and read on the same day on which the will was unsealed.

1, Gaius Lucius Geminianus, expert in Roman law, translated the foregoing copy, and it agrees with the original will.