Consider the following competing hypotheses: (You may find it useful to reference the appropriate table: z table or t table)H0: ?D ? 0; HA: ?D

Consider the following competing hypotheses: (You may find it useful to reference the appropriate table: z table or t table) d - -2.8, sp - 5.7, n = 12 The following results are obtained using matched samples from two normally distributed populations: a-1. Calculate the value of the test statistic, assuming that the sample difference is normally distributed. (Negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. Round intermediate calculations to at least 4 decimal places and final answer to 3 decimal places.) Test statistic