Consumer fraud is any fraud which targets consumers. Your text discusses a number of different types of consumer frauds. Each of them must be successful, or they wouldn't keep being done. Is there any single characteristic which underlies all of these types of consumer frauds? Avoiding being a victim of consumer fraud is important. Eventually, you'll be asked by clients for tips on how to avoid becoming a victim. My first recommendation is usually to buy a medium strength shredder and to use it liberally. What other suggestions would you add