Country $x$ and Country $Y$ have a deteriorating relationship due to concerns over covert cyber attacks. Attribution is very difficult in these situations; however Country $Y$ has observed known tactics, techniques, and procedures of Country $x$ in these attacks. The issue is that the origin of the attacks seem to be occurring from outside of Country X$.$ Country $x$ has denied all responsibility and denounced any offensive cyber related activity. This scenario is most likely attributed to:

Sophisticated Deception Operations

Nation State Actors

Country Cyber Operations

Small Group Operations