Create a table of characteristics using the health-costs dataset found in Week 11's module on Canvas. This table should:

• Meet the APA standards discussed in Week 9's class.
• Provide the appropriate descriptive statistics for the overall study sample for all variables contained within the dataset (with the except of ID and date survey was completed).
• Provide the appropriate descriptive statistics for a group costing of the 50% of participants with the lowest health care costs and the appropriate descriptive statistics for the 50% of participants with the highest health care costs for all variables contained within the dataset (with the except of ID and date survey was completed).
• Use the proper statistical tests to compare the low cost group to the high cost group on all variables. Provide the p-value for each variable's test on your table.
• Please, see Week 9's module for guidance on creating tables.

100 to 150 word paragraph that describes the similarities and differences between the two groups.

Table 3.2. Characteristics of study participants by lutein intake (adjusted for energy intake) among Black and White ARIC Study participants classified as having diabetes and having gradable eye photos at visit 3 (1993-95)
Characteristic	Low Intake (n=357)	High Intake(n=357)	p-value1
Energy adjusted lutein intake (g/1000 kcal) mean (SD)	435.2 (165.1)	4853.1 (2695.3)
Prevalence of retinopathy, n (%) yes	51 (14.3)	93 (26.1)	<0.001
Severity of retinopathy, n (%)			0.004
None	306 (85.7)	264 (73.9)
Mild NPDR	35 (9.8)	64 (17.9)
Moderate to severe NPDR	9 (2.5)	18 (5.0)
PDR	7 (2.0)	11 (3.1)
Demographics
Age (years), mean (SD)	54.6 (5.7)	55.22 (5.4)	0.05
Self-reported age at diagnosis	53.5 (9.9)	51.9 (10.4)	0.004
Duration of diabetes, category			0.02
< 3 years	97 (27.2)	73 (20.4)
3 to <6 years	90 (25.2)	71 (19.9)
6 years	170 (47.6)	213 (59.7)
Race, n (%),black	26 (7.3)	186 (52.1)	<0.001
Gender, n (%) female	147 (41.2)	219 (61.3)	<0.001
Education, n (%)			<0.001
Basic or 0 years (high school or less)	81 (22.8)	127 (35.6)
Intermediate (high school/vocational school)	183 (51.4)	125 (35.0)
Advanced (college or higher)	92 (25.8)	105 (29.4)
Smoking status, n (%)			0.30
Current	77 (21.6)	70 (19.6)
Former	140 (39.3)	120 (33.6)
Never	139 (39.0)	167 (46.8)
Usual ethanol intake (g/week), mean (SD)	46.4 (127.2)	21.1 (61.5)	0.002
Physical Activity
Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean (SD)	30.92 (5.1)	31.7 (6.1)	0.15
Physical activity at work index3, mean (SD)	2.2 (0.9)	2.1 (1.0)	0.29
Sports in leisure time index3, mean (SD)	2.3 (0.8)	2.4 (0.7)	0.89
Other leisure time physical activity index, mean (SD)	2.3 (0.6)	2.3 (0.6)	0.25
Health variables
Hypertension, n (%)			<0.001
No	237 (66.8)	162 (45.8)
Yes	118 (33.2)	192 (54.2)
Glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD)	140.4 (51.2)	163.6 (81.9)	<0.0001
HbA1c1 (%), mean (SD)	7.1 (1.9)	7.7 (2.1)	0.0004
Dietary Variables
Total energy intake (kcals), mean (SD)	1863.5 (684.9)	1509.5 (531.8)	<0.0001
Total carbohydrate intake (% kcals), mean(SD)	47.2 (9.4)	49.9 (9.6)	0.0008
Total protein intake (% kcals), mean (SD)	17.1 (4.1)	20.0 (4.2)	<0.0001
Total fat intake (% kcals), mean (SD)	35.4 (7.3)	31.2 (7.0)	<0.0001
Currently on a special diet, n (%) yes	81 (22.7)	146 (40.9)	<0.001
1p-values are reported on t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for independence for categorical variables

SPSS https://canvas.flint.umich.edu/courses/20247/files/5225872/download?download_frd=1.