Dr$.$ Murphy believes that individual scores on cognitive ability tests should be converted to standard scores or percentile scores within a test$-$taker's group $($such as a percentile score for Blacks, and a separate percentile score for Whites$).$ This score adjustment technique is:

called within$-$group norming and is deemed unlawful in the United States.

called racial profiling and is deemed unlawful in the United States.

called within$-$group norming and is the preferred legal means of reducing adverse impact in the United States.

called racial profiling and is the preferred legal means of reducing adverse impact in the United States.