Due to the various constraints that unions place on management, business strategies can no longer influence the employer's preferences for personnel policies. The employment conditions of employees within a paternalistic pattern of industrial relations differ substantially across work groups, plants, and firms. bureaucratic pattern, firms usually have written policies on pay, leaves, promotion, and discipline. Usually, firms under the human resource management system of industrial relations do not make extensive efforts to have employees identify their interests with the long term interests of the firm. The participatory pattern and the human resource management pattern of industrial relations are identical