During the last decade of 20^thcentury, Ford Motors Co., one of the main automobile producers in US began losing market share to Japanese carmakers who have successfully produced small, compact fuel-efficient cars. In order to regain its market share, Ford quickly developed a small model, called Pinto. The Pinto weight less than 2,000 lb. cost less than $2,000 and on the market within two years, instead of normal four years.

Because the Pinto was a rush project, the styling considerations dictated the engineering safety requirements. The gas tanks placed behind the rear axle are fixed with protruding bolts. In that position, the tank could be punctured by the rear axle bolts in case of rear-end collision. When an early model of Pinto was crash-test, it was found that, when struck from behind at 20 miles per hour or more, the gas tank would sometimes break open. Gas would then spray out and could spray out into passenger compartment. In a real accident, stray sparks could ignite fire or even sparks explosions.

Despite the danger, Ford managers decided to go ahead manufacturing the models without changing the gas-tank design.

a)Briefly explainTHREE (3)reasons for Ford to proceed with the manufacturing of the Pinto models without changing the gas tank design.

b)The kind of analysis that Ford managers used in their consideration is a version of what has traditionally been calledUtilitarianism. What isUtilitarianism?