Edison is a new company that plans to introduce an electric car using a novel battery technology available in China. You will need to make decisions about where to build plants to satisfy demand in three countries: Brazil, China and the U.S., which the following currencies: Brazilian Real (BRL), Chinese Yuan (CNY) and US Dollar ($). Your marketing department tells you that it has identified three key markets for the cars. Country Brazil China United States Expected Annual Demand 100,000 cars 150,000 cars 200,000 cars Expected Price BRL 112,000 CNY 210,000 $ 30,000 Your in-house economist gives you the following analysis of each country Country Brazil China United States Exchange Rate 3.7 BRL: 1 USD 6.9 CNY: 1 USD Expected Annual inflation rate 10% 5% 2% The economist also suggests that political uncertainty in Brazil has led to a decrease in foreign direct investment. The exchange rate has been steady for the last year, but the economist noted a sharp drop in foreign reserves. Brazil's central bank has no stated policy about the exchange rate. China has seen strong economic growth and continued strong foreign investment. Most analysts, including your economist, feel that the government would be comfortable with a 3% to 5% annual decrease in the value of the CNY vs. the USD. The U.S. is also seeing strong economic growth but not at the pace of China. Your economist found no signs to suggest that the currency is mispriced vs. most other world currencies, including the Real and the Yuan Your Production Department Reports on the following costs of production in each country: While steel and aluminum are typically priced in USD, the local producers in Brazil, which tends to be a low-cost producer of steel and aluminum, are willing to price in Brazilian reals for local factories. There is only one source for your battery, which is a Chinese-based producer that sells in CNY Please note the currency for each entry. Each entry is the price per car Cost Item United States Aluminum $2,000 Steel $2,000 Battery CNY 70,000 Labor and Other $5,000 Brazil BRL 4,000 BRL 4,500 CNY 70,000 BRL 20,000 China $2,000 $2,000 CNY 70,000 CNY 32,000 . a Other information for the production department: It costs $1,000 to ship each car from one country to another country. Shipping rates are quoted in USD globally. Cars entering Brazil from another country face a 20% tariff. Cars entering China from another country face a 25% tariff. Cars entering U.S from another country face a 10% tariff. Your marketing department does not feel that you can pass along the tariff to customers. You must leave prices at the levels they provided above There are no tariffs on imported parts in any of these countries. . . . Your production department also provides the following estimates on the cost of building a plant, It will take 3 years to complete the plant and the cost will be 40% in year 1, 20% in year 2 and 40% in year 3. The cost is for a plant that produces 150,000 cars/year. Smaller plants are inefficient to build Country Brazil China United States Annual Production 150,000 cars 150,000 cars 150,000 cars Cost BRL 12.5 billion CNY 19.8 billion $4 billion The finance department reports on your ability to raise capital: You finance department alerts you to the local tax rates: Tax Rates Brazil 25% China 35% United States 30% They also tell you that Edison can hedge using futures up to a three-year term using the forward rates in the market, which will naturally reflect interest rate differentials. Edison can also use put or calls options up to 1 year. The cost for any currency hedge to the USD is 2 cents per $1 hedged for a 3-month option that is at the money. Add 1 cent per option for each additional 3 months until expiration, up to 1 year. Edison can issue equity or bonds in any of these markets or elsewhere in the world. You have decided to raise 75% of the construction costs in debt. Here are the current government interest rates in each country, Edison's borrowing costs will be 3 percentage points higher than the equivalent maturity in the country where it issues the bonds. 1 year Brazil China U.S. 3 months 6.0% 5.0% 2.0% 6 months 6.5% 5.5% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 2.75% 5 years 8.0% 6.0% 3.0% 10 years 9.0% 7.0% 3.5% 30 years 10.0% 8.0% 4.5% Explain the exposure for Edison Corp. to each of the seven political risks discussed in the slides. Assess whether you believe each risk is low, medium or high and what your strategy and corporate policy might be to alleviate these risks or adjust your business model should one arise. Your report should look like the following. The length of your answer depends on the likelihood of the risk and the range of options. Note: The entries below are examples of how to approach the answer. There are more categories than listed here. Consult the slides for the complete list of risks. Attitudes of Consumers Brazil: Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in Brazil. China Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in China. U.S. Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in U.S. Actions of local governments: Brazil: Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in Brazil. China Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in China US Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in U.S. And so on. Edison is a new company that plans to introduce an electric car using a novel battery technology available in China. You will need to make decisions about where to build plants to satisfy demand in three countries: Brazil, China and the U.S., which the following currencies: Brazilian Real (BRL), Chinese Yuan (CNY) and US Dollar ($). Your marketing department tells you that it has identified three key markets for the cars. Country Brazil China United States Expected Annual Demand 100,000 cars 150,000 cars 200,000 cars Expected Price BRL 112,000 CNY 210,000 $ 30,000 Your in-house economist gives you the following analysis of each country Country Brazil China United States Exchange Rate 3.7 BRL: 1 USD 6.9 CNY: 1 USD Expected Annual inflation rate 10% 5% 2% The economist also suggests that political uncertainty in Brazil has led to a decrease in foreign direct investment. The exchange rate has been steady for the last year, but the economist noted a sharp drop in foreign reserves. Brazil's central bank has no stated policy about the exchange rate. China has seen strong economic growth and continued strong foreign investment. Most analysts, including your economist, feel that the government would be comfortable with a 3% to 5% annual decrease in the value of the CNY vs. the USD. The U.S. is also seeing strong economic growth but not at the pace of China. Your economist found no signs to suggest that the currency is mispriced vs. most other world currencies, including the Real and the Yuan Your Production Department Reports on the following costs of production in each country: While steel and aluminum are typically priced in USD, the local producers in Brazil, which tends to be a low-cost producer of steel and aluminum, are willing to price in Brazilian reals for local factories. There is only one source for your battery, which is a Chinese-based producer that sells in CNY Please note the currency for each entry. Each entry is the price per car Cost Item United States Aluminum $2,000 Steel $2,000 Battery CNY 70,000 Labor and Other $5,000 Brazil BRL 4,000 BRL 4,500 CNY 70,000 BRL 20,000 China $2,000 $2,000 CNY 70,000 CNY 32,000 . a Other information for the production department: It costs $1,000 to ship each car from one country to another country. Shipping rates are quoted in USD globally. Cars entering Brazil from another country face a 20% tariff. Cars entering China from another country face a 25% tariff. Cars entering U.S from another country face a 10% tariff. Your marketing department does not feel that you can pass along the tariff to customers. You must leave prices at the levels they provided above There are no tariffs on imported parts in any of these countries. . . . Your production department also provides the following estimates on the cost of building a plant, It will take 3 years to complete the plant and the cost will be 40% in year 1, 20% in year 2 and 40% in year 3. The cost is for a plant that produces 150,000 cars/year. Smaller plants are inefficient to build Country Brazil China United States Annual Production 150,000 cars 150,000 cars 150,000 cars Cost BRL 12.5 billion CNY 19.8 billion $4 billion The finance department reports on your ability to raise capital: You finance department alerts you to the local tax rates: Tax Rates Brazil 25% China 35% United States 30% They also tell you that Edison can hedge using futures up to a three-year term using the forward rates in the market, which will naturally reflect interest rate differentials. Edison can also use put or calls options up to 1 year. The cost for any currency hedge to the USD is 2 cents per $1 hedged for a 3-month option that is at the money. Add 1 cent per option for each additional 3 months until expiration, up to 1 year. Edison can issue equity or bonds in any of these markets or elsewhere in the world. You have decided to raise 75% of the construction costs in debt. Here are the current government interest rates in each country, Edison's borrowing costs will be 3 percentage points higher than the equivalent maturity in the country where it issues the bonds. 1 year Brazil China U.S. 3 months 6.0% 5.0% 2.0% 6 months 6.5% 5.5% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 2.75% 5 years 8.0% 6.0% 3.0% 10 years 9.0% 7.0% 3.5% 30 years 10.0% 8.0% 4.5% Explain the exposure for Edison Corp. to each of the seven political risks discussed in the slides. Assess whether you believe each risk is low, medium or high and what your strategy and corporate policy might be to alleviate these risks or adjust your business model should one arise. Your report should look like the following. The length of your answer depends on the likelihood of the risk and the range of options. Note: The entries below are examples of how to approach the answer. There are more categories than listed here. Consult the slides for the complete list of risks. Attitudes of Consumers Brazil: Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in Brazil. China Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in China. U.S. Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in U.S. Actions of local governments: Brazil: Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in Brazil. China Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in China US Provide answers in the context of a US company doing business in U.S. And so on