Evolution:

Understand the concept of evolution and its mechanisms, including natural selection, adaptation, and speciation.

Recognize evidence supporting evolution, such as homologous and analogous structures, fossils, and DNA sequences.

Analyze and interpret evolutionary diagrams, such as cladograms and phylogenetic trees.

Domains of Life:

Identify and distinguish between the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Understand the characteristics and diversity of each domain, including cell structure, metabolism, and genetic organization.

Recognize the interconnectedness and evolutionary relationships among the domains of life.

Scientific Method and Steps:

Explain the scientific method and its steps, including observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data collection, analysis, and conclusion.

Differentiate between hypotheses and theories in science.

Evaluate scientific experiments and their validity.

Periodic Table:

Understand the structure of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Identify atomic number, atomic mass, and their significance.

Recognize the arrangement of elements in the periodic table and their properties based on their position.

Molecular Bonding:

Explain the different types of chemical bonds, including covalent bonds $($polar and non$-$polar$),$ ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

Understand the characteristics and strength of each type of bond.

Recognize the role of molecular bonding in forming and shaping molecules.

Functional Groups:

Identify and classify common functional groups found in organic molecules.

Understand the properties and reactivity of each functional group.

Recognize the role of functional groups in biological molecules.

Biological Macromolecules:

Describe the structure and function of the four major classes of biological macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Understand the monomer and polymer of each macromolecule group.

Discuss the diverse roles of macromolecules in living organisms.

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Fats:

Define and differentiate between monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Explain the classification of fats based on saturation levels $($saturated vs$.$ unsaturated$).$

Describe the structural and functional roles of these molecules in cells.

Structure of an Amino Acid:

Understand the basic structure of an amino acid, including its central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, R group, and hydrogen atom.

Recognize the diversity of amino acids due to their varying R groups.

Explain the role of amino acids in protein synthesis.

Protein Folding and Function:

Describe the process of protein folding, including primary, secondary$,$ tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Understand the importance of protein folding for its function.

Discuss the factors that can affect protein folding and its implications.

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis:

Explain the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in relation to the formation and breakdown of macromolecules.

Understand the role of these processes in cellular metabolism.

Identify examples of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.

Plasma Membrane:

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane, including its phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins.

Understand the functions of the plasma membrane, such as selective permeability and cellular communication.

Explain the different types of membrane transport mechanisms, including passive and active transport.

Movement:

Analyze and interpret graphs and data related to movement, such as diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

Determine the direction and rate of movement under different conditions.

Calculate the concentration gradient and its influence on movement.

Organelles and Their Functions:

Identify and describe the functions of major eukaryotic organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Understand the roles of these organelles in cellular processes, such as energy production, protein synthesis, and waste disposal.

Recognize the interdependence of organelles within the cell.

Enzymes:

Define enzymes and explain their role as biological catalysts.

Describe the structure of enzymes, including their active site and substrate specificity.

Understand the factors affecting enzyme activity, such as temperature, pH$,$ and enzyme concentration.

Cellular Respiration:

Summarize the overall process of cellular respiration, including its inputs, outputs, and intermediate steps.

Identify the different stages of cellular respiration and their locations within the cell.

Explain the role of cellular respiration in energy production and its importance for life.