For each of the following questions, provide: i) the statistical test you used to address the study hypothesis and a description of why you chose the test (for example, one sample vs. two samples, parametric vs. nonparametric, paired vs. unpaired, one-tailed vs. two tailed), ii) your null and alternative hypotheses, iii) significance level and rationale, and iv) your conclusions in the context of the study and evidence that supports your conclusions (test statistics & p-values) and biological significance. Show work with R software.

1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cortisone on long-term memory. Patients were scored in terms their ability to recall long-term memories before being injected with cortisone and then again after being injected. Using the provided data on the number of memories recalled for each patient before and after injection, test the hypothesis that cortisone affects long-term memory.

data below first column is patient letter, second number is before data, third number is after data.

Patient Before After A 1 3 B 2 3 C 2 6 D 0 2 E 1 4 F 2 3 G 2 1 H 3 4 I 2 2 J 0 1 K 1 2 L 1 1 M 2 4 N 1 3 O 1 2 P 0 1 Q 1 0 R 4 3 S 1 3 T 3 2

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