For each of the topologies of Fig. 8-16, what is the diameter of the interconnection network? Count all hops (host-router and router-router) equally for this problem.

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Interconnection Technology Each node has a network interface card with one or two cables (or fibers) com ing out of it.These cables connect either to other nodes or to switches. In a small system, there may be one switch to which all the nodes are connected in the star topologv of Fig. 8-16(a). Modern switched Ethernets use this topology. Figure 8-16. Various interconnect topologies. (a) A single switch. (b) A ring. (c) A grid. (d) A double torus. (e) A cube. (f) A 4D hypercube