For each of these arguments, explain which rules of in$-$

ference are used for each step.

a$)$ "Doug, a student in this class, knows how to write

programs in JAVA. Everyone who knows how to

write programs in JAVA can get a high$-$paying job.

Therefore, someone in this class can get a high$-$paying

job."

b$)$ "Somebody in this class enjoys whale watching. Ev$-$

ery person who enjoys whale watching cares about

ocean pollution. Therefore, there is a person in this

class who cares about ocean pollution."

c$)$ "Each of the $93$ students in this class owns a personal

computer. Everyone who owns a personal computer

can use a word processing program. Therefore, Zeke,

a student in this class, can use a word processing pro$-$

gram."

d$)$ "Everyone in New Jersey lives within $50$ miles of the

ocean. Someone in New Jersey has never seen the

ocean. Therefore, someone who lives within $50$ miles

of the ocean has never seen the ocean."