France and Germany have a dispute about transboundary pollution, regarding air pollution from German factories that drifts into France, impacting aviation and tourism. France complains and demands that the matter be resolved by arbitration. Germany:

a. Can reject this demand and require France instead to litigate this dispute in the ICJ.

b. Can reject this demand if there is not an arbitration requirement in an international treaty agreement or a contract it had previously entered into.

c. Must accept this demand since both are EU members.

d. Must accept this demand under its obligations of the United Nations Charter.