Given that one of the addresses in a classless subnet is 110.10.98.102/21, what is the last address of this subnet? (0.5 mark). Show your calculations (1.5 marks)

The total size of a given IPv4 datagram (packet) header is 32 bytes including some bytes of options. How many bytes of options are present in this packet header? (1 mark)

Justify your answer (1 mark)

The total size of a given IPv4 datagram (packet) header is 44 bytes. What will be the value stored in the HLEN field of the packet header? (2 marks) [Please provide your answer as a Binary number.]

IPv6 Fragmentation is dealt with differently than that of IPv4 by the sending hosts and routers. In an IPv6 network, compare the actions taken by (i) a sending host and (ii) a router when they each have a datagram to forward which is bigger than the maximum transmission unit (MTU) allowed on the next link. (2 marks)