Hal is frustrated as a trainee. The topic is important in general, the trainer is getting trainees involved through different techniques, and examples are workplace related. However, Hal does not see how the information fits to resolving the issues in the department . Hal's frustration likely stems from which element of Knowles' andragogy ? need to be self-directed desire for a problem - centered approach preference for extrinsic learning motivators desire for more work- related expereinces