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Software is so central to the functioning of our technology it's impossible to imagine the modern world without all those lines of code instructing machines (and increasingly humans) what to do when, and often how.Because software is computer code, it can be reproduced at negligiblemarginal cost.And software applications are more useful when they're widely used, making the industry especially prone to largenetwork effects.As a result, the largest software suppliers have enviable revenue and profit margins. The industry-wide shift to cloud computing and the software-as-a-service subscription model has given many leading software suppliers a large base ofrecurring revenue.Software is now so pervasive it can be hard to tell what constitutes a software company. For this list of the 10 largest software suppliers by revenue, we drew the line by including the payments company Block, Inc. (SQ), while excluding rides platforms Didi Global Inc. (DIDI) and Uber Technologies Inc. (UBER) as well as Coinbase Global Inc. (COIN), thecryptocurrencyexchange.This list is limited to companies with stocks publicly traded in the U.S. or Canada, either directly or throughADRs. Some companies outside the U.S. report profits semi-annually instead of quarterly, and their 12-month trailing data may be older than that for companies making quarterly reports. Data is courtesy of YCharts.com, as of May 23, 2022.

1. Which parameters involved in computing the total cost of a software development project?

2. Which costs is not part of the total effort cost?

3. What is related to the overall functionality of the delivered software?

4. What is developed using historical cost information that relates some software metric to the project cost.

5. It is often difficult to estimate size at an early stage in a project when only a specification is available

6. Which technique is applicable when other projects in the same analogy application domain have been completed?

7. Which model assumes that systems are created from reusable components, scripting or database programming?

8. Which states that work expands to fill the time available.

9. Which model is used during early stages of the system design after the requirements have been established?

10. Which model is used to compute the effort required to integrate reusable components or program code that is automatically generated by design or program translation tools?