Hichem left his position as an engineering technician with QAA, a testing and drilling company. Hichem applied for a position with a rival company, Enigma Engineering, and listed his former manager at QAA, Jeremy, as a reference. When contacted by Enigma, Jeremy reported that Hichem was an excellent employee and would be an asset to Enigma. Enigma hired Hichem.

Within two months of hire, Hichem $-$ high on cocaine $-$ crashed the drill rig he was driving into a school bus killing $10$ children. Subsequently, it was discovered that QAA had reprimanded Hichem several times for drug use while on the job. Which of the following is likely?

a$.$ Enigma may have a cause of action for negligent hiring against QAA

b$.$ Enigma may have a cause of action for negligent hiring against Hichem for failing to disclose his drug habit

c$.$ QAA may have a cause of action for negligent referral against Enigma

d$.$ Enigma may have a cause of action for negligent referral against QAA