I am writing a literature review based on the following study (see below).

Could you please provide an

Introduction that provides a coherent review of contemporary formation and related literature relevant to the selected topic, demonstrating appropriate synthesisation and integration of relevant sources, characterised by cogency of argument and logical and temporal ordering of ideas; and also

provides a sound rationale for the study, culminating in a well-supported research question which clearly addresses a gap in literature abstract providing a clear, concise, and complete summary of the research paper, and includes all required elements of an abstract?

The omnibus dataset of 62 participants, one was excluded based on the absence of demographic information that would support the generalization of findings. Participant characteristics Participants were 61 youth (37 girls, 60.56%; 24 boys, 39.34%) with a mean age of 13.23 years (SD = 2.91, range = 11). Participants who were born in the United States were predominately White/Caucasian (n = 23; 37.70%) with others identifying as either Black/African American (n = 6; 9.84%), multi-racial (n = 6; 9.84%), Hispanic/Latino (n = 5; 8.19%), and native American (n = 1; 1.63%). Several participants also identified as having nationalities outside of the United States (n = 20; 32.78%). The average number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations prior to the DTAP was 3.63 (SD = 4.74) with 1.41 (SD = 1.54) of those within 12 months prior to admission. The majority of participants (n = 56; 93.33%) were receiving medical management for psychiatric symptoms prior to admission with the average number of related medications prescribed being 2.90 (SD = 1.77). The average time in the DTAP among participants was 424 days (SD = 199). Measurement of constructs Trauma symptoms The PTSD Reaction Index (PTSD-RI) for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Pynoos & Steinberg, 2015) was developed to assess the frequency of PTSD symptom severity. The PTSD-RI is intended for use with youth aged 6 to 18 and asks respondents to rate how often they have experienced a symptom during the previous month using a 5-point scale (0 = never; 4 = almost every day) with higher scores corresponding to higher levels of trauma symptom severity. Elements of the PTSD-RI include a section for identifying types of trauma(s) experienced and nature of contact as a victim, witness, or learning/hearing about the event. Section 2 of the PTSD-RI identifies the severity of the symptoms across 27 items related to symptoms of intrusion (five items), avoidance (two items), negative alterations in cognitions and mood (13 items), and arousal and reactivity (seven items). Sampling procedures Non-parametric sampling of individuals meeting criteria for admission to the DTAP was implemented to collect survey protocols suitable for estimates of treatment gain. Participants and their guardians completed all relevant informed consent procedures for assessment, treatment, and evaluation activities, including those associated with quality improvement and impact evaluations of treatment. All participants received treatment regardless of whether they completed any/all of the assessments. Retrospective, anonymous sampling of data to support impact evaluation activities was approved by the second author's Institutional Review Board. Study setting This evaluation was completed at an extended residential facility for children and adolescents who have experienced severe trauma and attachment-based difficulties that are associated with emotional and behavioral impairments to development and functioning. Although the program is located in a midwestern community, referrals for treatment have a national base with nearly two in every three admitted youth identifying as adoptees from the foster care or international adoption system. The facility is an affiliate member of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network and is dually accredited as a healthcare and education-providing entity. The facility is staffed by several professionals with specializations in psychiatry, clinical psychology, clinical social work, professional counseling, case management, behavioral management, and educational development. The average stay of a child within the residential program can range from 12 to 18 months.

Results

Variable 1 = Intrusion Variable 2 = Avoidance Variable 3 = Negative Cognitions Variable 4 = Arousal Activity Variable 5 = Total PTSD Symptoms

Paired-sample t-test and P-values

Intrusion admission/discharge t = 5.23; p < .01

Avoidance admission/discharge t = 4.75; p < .01

Negative Cognitions admission/discharge t = 5.17; p < .01

Arousal Activity admission/discharge t = 4.36; p < .01

Total PTSD Symptoms admission/discharge t = 5.82; p < .01

Table 1.

Means and SD for the variables before admission.

Intrusion - M = 8.31, SD = 5.74

Avoidance - M = 4.32, SD = 2.54

Negative Cognitions - M = 13.31, SD = 6.49

Arousal Activity - M = 10.67, SD = 4.81

Total PTSD Symptoms M = 36.62, SD = 17.44

Table 2.

Means and SD for the variables after discharge.

Intrusion - M = 5.08, SD = 4.84

Avoidance - M = 2.72, SD = 2.55

Negative Cognitions - M = 9.26, SD = 7.09

Arousal Activity - M = 8.01, SD = 5.12

Total PTSD Symptoms - M = 25.08, SD = 17.94