Identify the computer fraud and abuse technique used in each of the following actual examples of computer wrongdoing.

a$.$A teenage gang known as the $414$s$$ broke into the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan$-$Kettering Cancer Center, and Security Pacific Bank. One gang member appeared in Newsweek with the caption $$Beware: Hackers at play.$$

b$.$Daniel Baas was the systems administrator for a company that did business with Acxiom, who manages customer information for companies. Baas exceeded his authorized access and downloaded a file with $300$ encrypted passwords, decrypted the password file, and downloaded Acxiom customer files containing personal information. The intrusion cost Acxiom more than $$5\mathrm{.}8$ million.

c$.$Cyber$-$attacks left high$-$profile sites such as Amazon.com, eBay, Buy.com, and CNN Interactive staggering under the weight of tens of thousands of bogus messages that tied up the retail sites$$ computers and slowed the news site$$s operations for hours.

d$.$Susan Gilmour$-$Latham got a call asking why she was sending the caller multiple adult text messages per day. Her account records proved the calls were not coming from her phone. Neither she nor her mobile company could explain how the messages were sent. After finding no way to block the unsavory messages, she changed her mobile number to avoid further embarrassment by association.

e$.$A federal grand jury in Fort Lauderdale claimed that four executives of a rental$-$car franchise modified a computer$-$billing program to add five gallons to the actual gas tank capacity of their vehicles. Over three years, $47,000$ customers who returned a car without topping it off ended up paying an extra $$2$ to $$15$ for gasoline.

f$.$A mail$-$order company programmer truncated odd cents in sales$-$commission accounts and placed them in the last record in the commission file. Accounts were processed alphabetically, and he created a dummy sales$-$commission account using the name of Zwana. Three years later, the holders of the first and last sales$-$commission accounts were honored. Zwana was unmasked and his creator fired.

g$.$MicroPatent, an intellectual property firm, was notified that their proprietary information would be broadcast on the Internet if they did not pay a $$17$ million fee. The hacker was caught by the FBI before any damage was done.

h$.$When Estonia removed a Russian World War II war memorial, Estonian government and bank networks were knocked offline in a distributed DoS attack by Russian hackers. A counterfeit letter of apology for removing the memorial statue was placed on the website of Estonia$$s prime minister.

i$.$eBay customers were notified by e$-$mail that their accounts had been compromised and were being restricted unless they re$-$registered using an accompanying hyperlink to a web page that had eBay$$s logo$,$ home page design, and internal links. The form had a place for them to enter their credit card data, ATM PINs, Social Security number, date of birth, and their mother$$s maiden name. Unfortunately, eBay hadn$$t sent the e$-$mail.

j$.$A teenager hijacked the eBay.de domain name and several months later the domain name for a large New York ISP. Both hijacked websites pointed to a site in Australia.

k$.$Travelers who logged into the Alpharetta, Georgia, airport$$s Internet service had personal information stolen and picked up as many as $45$ viruses. A hacker had set up a rogue wireless network with the same name as the airport$$s wireless access network.

l$.$Criminals in Russia used a vulnerability in Microsoft$$s server software to add a few lines of Java code to users$$ copies of Internet Explorer. The code recorded the users$$ keyboard activities, giving the criminals access to usernames and passwords at many banking websites. The attacks caused $$420$ million in damage.

m$.$America Online subscribers received a message offering free software. Users who opened the attachments unknowingly unleashed a program hidden inside another program that secretly copied the subscriber$$s account name and password and forwarded them to the sender$.$

n$.$Rajendrasinh Makwana, an Indian citizen and IT contractor who worked at Fannie Mae$$s Maryland facility, was terminated at $1$:$00$ P$.$M$.$ on October $24.$ Before his network access was revoked, he created a program to wipe out all $4,000$ of Fannie Mae$$s servers on the following January $31.$

o$.$ A man accessed millions of ChoicePoint files by claiming in writing and on the phone to be someone he was not.