In [183]: non_death_penalty_states = make_array ( 'Alaska' , 'Hawaii', 'Maine', 'M ichigan' , 'Wisconsin', 'Minnesota' ) def had_death_penalty_in_1971(state): """Returns True if the argument is the name of a state that had he death penalty in 1971."" # The implementation of this function uses a bit of syntax # we haven't seen before. Just trust that it behaves as its # documentation claims. return state not in non_death_penalty_states states = murder_rates . group ( 'State' ) . select ( 'State' ) death penalty = states. with_column( 'Death Penalty', states . apply (had death_penalty_in_1971, 0) ) death penalty Out [183] : State Death Penalty Alabama True Alaska False Arizona True Arkansas True California True Colorado True Connecticut True Delaware True Florida True Georgia True (40 rows omitted)