In the World Values Survey respondents were asked their sex (q260) and the level of education they have completed (q275). The sex/gender variable is coded 1) male and 2) female. The education variable ranges from 0) Early childhood to 8) Doctoral or other equivalent degree, with higher numbers indicating higher levels of education (and vice versa).

a Write a non-directional research hypothesis relating these two variables.

I expect that female and males are not equally represented.

b Write a directional research hypothesis relating these two variables.

I expect that there more female respondent are more likely to have completed higher levels of education than male respondents.

c Which variable is the independent variable?

1. Sex/gender
2. Education