In this problem, we explore the use of small packets for Voice-over IP applications. One of the drawbacks of a small packet size is that a large fraction of link bandwidth isconsumed by overhead bytes.

a.Consider sending a digitally encoded voice source directly. Suppose the source is encoded at a constant rate of 128 kbps. Assume each packet is entirely filled before the source sends the packet into the network. The time required to fill a packet is the packetization delay. In terms of L, determine the packetization delay in milliseconds.

b.Packetization delays greater than 20 msec can cause a noticeable and unpleasant echo. Determine the packetization delay for L = 1,500 bytes (roughly corresponding to a maximum-sized Ethernet packet) and for L = 50 (corresponding to an ATM packet).

c.Comment on the advantages of using a small packet size.