In Wal-Mart Stores v Dukes, Plaintiffs, all female employees, sued alleging discrimination in pay and promotions based on gender, and sought to represent a class of about 1 million female employees, past and present. The case was certified as a class action, and Wal-Mart appealed, alleging that the certification did not comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in that the claimants had not suffered the same injury, and the claims did not have questions of law and fact in common. The court ruled: 1) for the Plaintiff employees, because they have all suffered the same --injury - a violation of Title VII 2 for the Plaintiff employees, because Wal-Mart was guilty of a pattern or practice of discrimination based on its corporate culture for Wal-Mart, because a lawsuit with 1.5 million plaintiffs was Men's and Women's Clothing unwieldy for Wal-Mart, because the claims did not have common questions of Law and fact hp