In which situation would horizontal integration be an especially effective strategy?

a$.$ When an organization can gain monopolistic characteristics in a particular area or region without being challenged by the federal government for "tending substantially" to reduce competition

b$.$ When an organization has neither the capital nor human talent needed to successfully manage an expanded organization

c$.$ When an organization competes in a slowing industry

d$.$ When decreased economies of scale provide major competitive advantages

e$.$ When competitors are succeeding due to managerial expertise or having particular resources an organization possesses