Indicate your answer by formatting your choice in bold font. Part 1 is worth 50 points. 1. In psychology, the term personality implies that individual patterns of behavior are both a) universal and inherited b) desirable and undesirable c) unique and stable d) complimentary and diverse 2. Which of the following statements pertains to character as opposed to personality? a) \"Eddie is a good guy. He's honest and dependable.\" b) \"Judy tends to be withdrawn. She rarely enjoys being with others.\" c) \"Juanita loses her temper easily and cools off slowly.\" d) \"As a group, Americans are less restrained than the British.\" 3. Personality traits are inferred from past behavior and allow us to do which of the following regarding behavior in future situations? a) explain b) learn from c) justify d) predict 4. Regarding personality traits, which of the following statements is false? a) Personality traits are inferred from one's behavior. b) We are less likely to predict that a person will be successful if he or she has the personality trait of conscientiousness. c) If we observe a person who is outgoing, we are likely to predict that this person will be sociable at school and at work. d) Personality traits can influence our health as well as our marital and occupational success. 5. Carl Jung's concepts of introversion and extroversion represent a) personality types b) somatotype profiles c) character groupings d) situational determinants 6. Concerning pure extroversion and pure introversion, it is most accurate to say a) These categories are not types but ways to define a person's character. b) Knowing if someone is extroverted or introverted tells you little about how conscientious, kind, or open to new ideas the person is c) Each of these types is a specific collection of maladaptive traits. d) Classifying people into two or three types is more informative than rating people on a list of traits. 7. Classifying people as having either a Type A or Type B personality has been used to predict a) competency as a parent b) chances of suffering a heart attack c) success in education d) chances of developing a serious mental illness 8. All your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are make up your a) ideal self b) ego ideal c) possible selves d) self-concept 9. A person who is competent and effective and who is loved and admired will almost always have a) low self-efficacy b) low self-awareness c) high self-esteem d) a high degree of arrogance 10. In both Eastern and Western cultures, self-esteem is based on which of the following concepts, although this concept is perceived differently by each culture? a) success b) temperamental traits c) intelligence d) sociability 11. Genuine self-esteem is based on which type of appraisal of one's strengths and weaknesses? a) modest b) balanced c) accurate d) highly positive 12. To understand personality, trait theorists attempt to a) discover how the various traits were learned in early childhood b) increase the number of basic traits that have been identified c) classify traits and discover how they relate to behavior d) reduce source traits to cardinal traits 13. Which of the following theories focuses on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles? a) humanistic theories b) psychodynamic theories c) behaviorist theories d) trait theories 14. A psychologist who believes that the behaviors of his clients result from hidden or unconscious thoughts, needs, and emotions is using which approach? a) psychodynamic b) behavioral c) medical d) humanistic 15. According to Jung, all humans in every culture have had experiences with birth, death, power, god figures, mother and father figures, animals, the earth, energy, evil, and rebirth. Such universal experiences create a) personas b) archetypes c) fixations d) sane hallucinations 16. Humanism involves the view that a) our behavior is controlled by genetics and learning b) personality is made up of instincts and unconscious forces c) humans are a bundle of moldable responses d) humans are creative beings capable of free choice and the potential to bloom 17. Margaret is a 90-year-old woman who is living creatively and fully using her full potential. Maslow would consider Margaret to be a) a self-actualizer b) an incongruent person c) a savant d) a person with cardinal traits 18. Alice believes that she is a person who never gets angry, when in reality, she spends much of each day seething with anger inside. Rogers would say that Alice is experiencing a) moral anxiety b) incongruence c) neurotic anxiety d) organismic valuing 19. Albert Bandura believes that one of the most important expectancies we develop concerns our capacity to produce a desired result. He called this concept a) self-reinforcement b) self-efficacy c) congruence d) organismic valuing 20. James allows himself one play on a video game after each half hour of studying. This illustrates which concept in social learning theory? a) situational determinants b) expectancy c) self-reinforcement d) self-efficacy 21. Dollard and Miller believed that the first six years of life are important to personality development because childhood is a time a) when most fixations occur resulting in an oral, anal, or phallic personality b) when one starts forming the idea of an ideal self as well as other possible selves c) when the framework of our personality is formed through the expression of inborn temperament d) of urgent drives, powerful rewards and punishments, and crushing frustrations 22. In the behavioristic view of development, the core of personality is shaped by early learning experiences and by praise, attention, and approval from others, which is also called a) congruence b) the superego c) social reinforcement d) self-efficacy 23. Five-year-old Ryan likes to spend as much time as he can with his father and often tells people that his dad is the smartest, strongest, and best dad in the whole world. According to social learning theorists, Ryan is a) exhibiting a fixation on his dad b) showing congruence with his dad c) imitating his dad d) identifying with his dad 24. Regarding how personality develops through the life span, which of the following statements is false? a) Temperament has a large impact on how infants interact with their parents. b) After age 50, most older adults tend to become grumpy old men and cranky old women. c) Personality starts to stabilize at age three and continues to solidify through age 50. d) Temperament consists of the biological predispositions to be sensitive, irritable, distractible, and to display a typical mood. 25. Based on the research to date, most psychologists would argue that personality is a) solely determined by hereditary factors b) solely the result of personal experience c) approximately 90 percent genetic and 10 percent environment d) a combination of genetics and environment Part 2 Write a 90- to 175-word response to each topic in the space provided. Use your own words to summarize your understanding of the assigned reading. No more than 10% of your responses can consist of quotations. Cite your sources and write in complete sentences using correct spelling and grammar. Part 2 is worth 50 points. 1. Philomena is an outgoing student with a large group of friends. She is usually the life of the party, and she enjoys adventures like skydiving and bungee jumping. Regarding her schoolwork, she has good intentions, but tends to be disorganized, frequently late to class, and often fails to turn in assignments. She rarely lets life's troubles get her down. Describe Philomena's personality from the perspective of the Big Five trait model. 2. Freddy has never been one to follow the rules. He rarely stays in a job for long before becoming bored and quitting. Well into his thirties, his friends describe him as an overgrown child who is always up for a crazy adventure, regardless of the consequences. He was placed in jail after impulsively stealing a sports car for a joy ride, an act that he described as occurring on a whim with no real intent to harm anybody. From the perspective of Freud's theory of personality, explain Freddy's behavior in terms of his id, ego, and superego. 3. Oscar's mother is a cancer researcher and his father is a university professor who has published four textbooks on advanced calculus. Although he studies hard and gets good grades, Oscar's greatest joy is performing in school plays and community theater. He fantasizes that one day he will walk across a stage to accept an award for his acting performance, but his parents consider acting a frivolous pastime that contributes nothing of value to the world. At his parents' urging, Oscar applied and was accepted to Princeton University's aerospace engineering program. From the perspective of Rogers' humanistic theory, Oscar might be headed for some personality problems. Explain why, and include a discussion of how his parents' attitudes could influence Oscar's likelihood of achieving self-actualization. 4. Olivia is taking a class in abnormal psychology that is especially challenging. She plans to become a therapist, so she considers it very important to get a good grade. Olivia has earned good grades in the past and is proud of her academic record. She needs a high grade point average to be accepted into the master's program she wants to attend. Explain how Rotter's social learning theory would predict how Olivia will approach her work in the class