Individuals and firms pay out a significant portion of their income as taxes, so taxes are important in both personal and corporate decisions. Our tax system is progressive. Individual Individuals pay taxes on wages, on investment income, and on the profits of proprietorships and partnerships. Taxable income is defined as gross income less a set of deductions. In 2018, the personal exemption is for taxpayers and their dependents is zero. A capital gain (loss) is the profit (loss) from the sale of a capital asset for more (less) than its purchase price. In 2018, for most taxpayers a long-term capital gain is taxed at a maximum rate of 15%, while a short-term capital gain is taxed as ordinary income [for high-income taxpayers the tax rate on long-term capital gains is 20%]. Investment income consists of dividend and interest income. Interest income (except interest on state and local government debt which is exempt from federal taxes) is taxed as ordinary income , while dividends are taxed at the same rate as long-term capital gains . Generally, interest payments are not tax deductible for individuals except for interest on home mortgages within certain limits. Projected 2018 tax rate schedules are shown for single individuals and married couples filing jointly. 2018 Individual Tax Rates Single Individuals If Your Taxable Income Is You Pay This Amount on the Base of the Bracket Plus This Percentage on the Excess over the Base (Marginal Rate) Average Tax Rate at Top of Bracket Up to $9,525 $0 10.0 % 10.0 % $9,525 - $38,700 952.50 12.0 11.5 $38,700 - $82,500 4,453.50 22.0 17.1 $82,500 - $157,500 14,089.50 24.0 20.4 $157,500 - $200,000 32,089.50 32.0 22.8 $200,000 - $500,000 45,689.50 35.0 30.1 Over $500,000 150,689.50 37.0 37.0 Standard deduction for individual: $12,000 Married Couples Filing Joint Returns If Your Taxable Income Is You Pay This Amount on the Base of the Bracket Plus This Percentage on the Excess over the Base (Marginal Rate) Average Tax Rate at Top of Bracket Up to $19,050 $0 10.0 % 10.0 % $19,050 - $77,400 1,905.00 12.0 11.5 $77,400 - $165,000 8,907.00 22.0 17.1 $165,000 - $315,000 28,179.00 24.0 20.4 $315,000 - $400,000 64,179.00 32.0 22.8 $400,000 - $600,000 91,379.00 35.0 26.9 Over $600,000 161,379.00 37.0 37.0 Standard deduction for married couples filing jointly: $24,000 Quantitative Problem: Jenna is a single taxpayer. During 2018, she earned wages of $124,000. She doesn't itemize deductions, so she will take the standard deduction to calculate 2018 taxable income. In addition, during the year she sold common stock that she had owned for five years for a net profit of $6,600. How much does Jenna owe to the IRS for taxes? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. $ 25264.50 Corporate Corporations earn most of their income from operations; however, they may also receive interest and dividend income. Interest income is taxed as ordinary income; however, dividend income is taxed more favorably. 50% of dividends received is excluded from taxable income, while the remaining 50% is taxed at the ordinary tax rate. For businesses, interest payments are regarded as an expense so they are tax deductible; however, dividend payments are not tax deductible. Consequently, our tax system encourages debt financing over equity financing. Depreciation expense is tax deductible, so the larger the depreciation, the lower the taxable income, the lower the taxes, and the higher the firm's operating cash flow. Quantitative Problem: Andrews Corporation has income from operations of $255,000. In addition, it received interest income of $25,500 and received dividend income of $30,300 from another corporation. Finally, it paid $9,500 of interest income to its bondholders and paid $42,600 of dividends to its common stockholders. The firm's federal tax rate is 21%. What is the firm's federal income tax? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar. $ 59629.50 Check My Work

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