Juliana, a senior accountant at a manufacturing company, wanted to get her maternity leave extended by two weeks. Her supervisor rejected her leave application but gave her an option to take three weeks off in the next calendar year. Juliana, however, rejected the offer and decided to quit her job. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of $\_\_\_\_\_.$

a$.$ reinforcement

b$.$ valence

c$.$ instrumentality

d$.$ affiliation